1998 — 2002 |
Kassel, Jon D |
R01Activity Code Description: To support a discrete, specified, circumscribed project to be performed by the named investigator(s) in an area representing his or her specific interest and competencies. R29Activity Code Description: Undocumented code - click on the grant title for more information. |
Atten Allocation and Conjoint Tobacco and Alcohol Use @ University of Illinois At Chicago
Individuals who smoke cigarettes are more likely to drink alcohol and, conversely, those who drink tend to smoke. Moreover, alcohol and tobacco are frequently used at the same time. The relationship between these drugs, however, is not presently well understood. Given the synergistic health risks posed by the joint use of these substances, research on tobacco-alcohol interactions is urgently needed as it can inform prevention, treatment, and policy at multiple levels. There is reason to believe that both of these drugs are frequently used as a means of coping with stress. Moreover, recent work examining the parameters of alcohol/stress and tobacco/stress interactions has implicated the role of cognitive processes. One line of research suggests that both drugs' anxiolytic effects are attentionally mediated. Specifically, both smoking's and drinking's calming effects may depend on the presence of benign distraction: Each drug appears to narrow the focus of attention (through a reduction in cue utilization), thereby reducing anxiety by facilitating distraction from stressful cognitions. A different cognitive perspective posits that people use tobacco when they drink in order to counteract alcohol's depressant effects with nicotine's stimulant effects, thereby compensating for alcohol-related performance decrements. Both of these cognitively based theories provide excellent conceptual frameworks for assessing alcohol/tobacco interactions. Alcohol and tobacco may be used concurrently (1) for their additive, attentionally mediated effects on stress reduction, and/or (2) because nicotine's enhancement of attentional processing capacity compensates for processing capacity reductions induced by alcohol. Working from this theoretical base, the overall objective of the proposed project is to assess the separate and combined effects of alcohol and nicotine both on emotional response in stressed participants and on attentional processing capacity. The primary hypothesis being tested is that two genuinely different cognitive mechanisms work simultaneously to account for the covariance in use of alcohol and tobacco. Results provided from this study should improve our understanding of the link between tobacco and alcohol use.
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0.958 |
2008 — 2009 |
Kassel, Jon |
N/AActivity Code Description: No activity code was retrieved: click on the grant title for more information |
Doctoral Dissertation Research: Alcohol, Emotions and Judgment @ University of Illinois At Chicago
Studies that have examined the influence of affect on intoxicated judgment have used naturally occurring mood or other proxies for emotion, rather than manipulating emotions directly. The current study compares the effects of two experimentally manipulated emotional states (anxiety and happiness) on judgments of risk in both intoxicated and non-intoxicated participants. Research on how alcohol affects judgments has focused on the cognitive effects of alcohol, suggesting that alcohol's detrimental effects on thinking may lead to risk taking. Some studies, however, suggest that alcohol may also cause emotions to play a larger role in the decision-making process than they do under conditions of sobriety. The possibility of increased reliance on emotions for judgment under conditions of intoxication is important because emotions bias decision-making in predictable ways and alcohol may exaggerate those biases. The selected emotions may have different effects on risk-taking, with happiness increasing risk-taking, whereas anxiety reduces it. If our hypothesis is correct, we should observe an exaggeration of typical intoxicated risk-taking in the happiness condition, but an amelioration of intoxicated risk-taking in the anxious condition.
Alcohol consumption is associated with negative behaviors such as drunk driving and the spread of sexually transmitted diseases. As such, furthering our understanding of intoxicated decision making is important to the formulation of interventions designed to decrease these negative behaviors. If alcohol does increase the influence of emotions on decisions, the most efficient way to influence drunken risk taking may be through activation of emotions that tend to reduce risk taking.
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1 |
2008 |
Kassel, Jon David |
P01Activity Code Description: For the support of a broadly based, multidisciplinary, often long-term research program which has a specific major objective or a basic theme. A program project generally involves the organized efforts of relatively large groups, members of which are conducting research projects designed to elucidate the various aspects or components of this objective. Each research project is usually under the leadership of an established investigator. The grant can provide support for certain basic resources used by these groups in the program, including clinical components, the sharing of which facilitates the total research effort. A program project is directed toward a range of problems having a central research focus, in contrast to the usually narrower thrust of the traditional research project. Each project supported through this mechanism should contribute or be directly related to the common theme of the total research effort. These scientifically meritorious projects should demonstrate an essential element of unity and interdependence, i.e., a system of research activities and projects directed toward a well-defined research program goal. |
Nicotine's Effect On Emotions in Adolescent Smokers @ University of Illinois At Chicago
0-11 years old; 12-20 years old; 21+ years old; AOD use; Accounting; Acute; Adolescence; Adolescent; Adolescent Youth; Adult; Affect; Affective; Age; Alcohol or Other Drugs use; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anti-Anxiety Drugs; Anxiety; Anxiolytic Agents; Anxiolytics; Arousal; Blinking; Buffers; Cessation of smoking; Child; Child Youth; Children (0-21); Chronotropism, Cardiac; Chronotropisms, Cardiac; Classification; Clinical; Condition; Control Groups; Cues; Data; Deep; Dependence, Nicotine; Depressed mood; Depth; Development; Emotional; Emotional Depression; Emotions; Environment; Expectancy; Family; Health; Heart Rate; Horns; Human, Adult; Human, Child; Individual; Individual Differences; Influentials; Laboratories; Laboratory Study; Life; Light; Link; Literature; Measurement; Measures; Methods; Modeling; Moods; Nicotine; Nicotine Dependence; Non-smoker; Paper; Patient Self-Report; Pattern; Photoradiation; Policies; Prevention; Process; Programs (PT); Programs [Publication Type]; Public Health; Pyridine, 3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-, (S)-; Questionnaires; R01 Mechanism; R01 Program; RPG; Rate; Relative; Relative (related person); Relaxation; Research; Research Grants; Research Project Grants; Research Projects; Research Projects, R-Series; Risk; Sampling; Self Medication; Self-Report; Skin; Smoke; Smoker; Smoking; Smoking Behavior; Stimulus; Stress; Stress and Coping; Symptoms; Symptoms of depression; Systematics; Thinking; Thinking, function; Time; Tobacco; Tobacco Consumption; Tobacco smoking; Tobacco use; Today; Tranquilizing Agents, Minor; Work; Youth; Youth 10-21; adolescence (12-20); adolescent smoking; adult human (21+); antianxiety agent; biological adaptation to stress; cease smoking; children; cigarette smoking; cohort; coping; cost; depressed; depressive; depressive symptoms; design; designing; expectation; experiment; experimental research; experimental study; eye blink; eyeblink; improved; indexing; interest; juvenile; juvenile human; mood regulation; negative mood; nicotine addiction; nonsmoker; peer; programs; public health medicine (field); reaction; crisis; research study; response; sadness; smoke cigarette; smoking cessation; social; stress response; stress; reaction; substance use; teenage; tool; trend; youngster
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0.958 |
2010 — 2014 |
Kassel, Jon David |
P01Activity Code Description: For the support of a broadly based, multidisciplinary, often long-term research program which has a specific major objective or a basic theme. A program project generally involves the organized efforts of relatively large groups, members of which are conducting research projects designed to elucidate the various aspects or components of this objective. Each research project is usually under the leadership of an established investigator. The grant can provide support for certain basic resources used by these groups in the program, including clinical components, the sharing of which facilitates the total research effort. A program project is directed toward a range of problems having a central research focus, in contrast to the usually narrower thrust of the traditional research project. Each project supported through this mechanism should contribute or be directly related to the common theme of the total research effort. These scientifically meritorious projects should demonstrate an essential element of unity and interdependence, i.e., a system of research activities and projects directed toward a well-defined research program goal. |
Emotional Indices of Withdrawal in Young Adult Smokers @ University of Illinois At Chicago
PROJECT SUMMARY (See instmctions): It has become increasingly clear that young adulthood represents a fime of heightened vulnerabiliy to smoking progression and development of nicofine dependence. Nonetheless, the mechanisms underiying smoking behavior in this age group are sfill not well understood. Given that the majority of adult smokers smoke as a means of regulating affect, inlcuding negafive affect attributable to withdrawal, the present study proposes to assess, under controlled laboratory conditions, the effect of smoking and nicofine on affective response in young adult smokers. Similar experimental approaches have been used to great effect with other drugs of abuse, yet suprisingly, other than our own previous work in this area, few empirical invesfigafions have assessed both nicofine administrafion and deprivation effects on emotional response in young adults. Knowledge of such effects is crucial to furthering our understanding of the processes governing development of nicotine dependence, as well as to assess individual differences in the manifestation of withdrawal and smoking effects on emotional response. Toward these ends, the proposed laboratory study will examine the acute effects of cigarette smoking and nicotine on emofional response and working memory capacity in 147 young adult smokers. Participants will attend three randomized laboratory sessions during which they will: smoke a nicofine cigarette, smoke a denicotinized cigarette, and not smoke (deprivation condition). Hence, this study design will allow for fine-grained assessment of acute smoking, nicofine, and deprivation effects. A mulfidimensional approach to the measurement of emofion will be used, drawing upon self-report measures of positive and negative affect, heart rate, skin conductance, fearpotentiated startle eyeblink response, and facial electromyography (zygomatic and corrugator muscle groups). Standardized measures of craving will also be employed both within and across the three sessions. Finally, because nicofine administrafion is thought to increase working memory in adult smokers, and deprivafion, reduce it, a well-validated task measuring working memory capacity will also be employed. Assessment of individual differences in these respective variables will also allow for assessment of whether such differences are predictive of future smoking behavior.
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0.958 |