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High-probability grants
According to our matching algorithm, Samuel M. McClure is the likely recipient of the following grants.
Years |
Recipients |
Code |
Title / Keywords |
Matching score |
2005 — 2006 |
Mcclure, Samuel M |
F32Activity Code Description: To provide postdoctoral research training to individuals to broaden their scientific background and extend their potential for research in specified health-related areas. |
Neural Mechanisms of Reward Processing
[unreadable] DESCRIPTION (provided by candidate): When rewards are expected only after some delay, their present value is reasonably determined by discounting their worth relative to the length of the delay. Experiments aimed at determining the nature of such time discount functions in people and animals have found that time is valued significantly more in the near-term than in the long-term: a phenomenon known as hyperbolic time discounting. The exact nature of hyperbolic discounting remains hotly debated, with no empirical data able to clearly distinguish between alternative hypotheses. In this proposal, a series of functional MRI experiments are developed to distinguish between two of the most popular theories for how hyperbolic discounting arises from brain function. We test several hypotheses as subjects make choices between rewarding outcomes of differing magnitudes at different delays. Our experiments employ both natural rewards (fruit juice) and monetary rewards to determine whether the associated brain structures generalize across reward modalities. In addition to this experimental work, we will conduct computational research using reinforcement learning methods to determine whether there are normative reasons for why people discount hyperbolically through time. [unreadable] [unreadable]
|
0.954 |
2012 |
Mcclure, Samuel M |
R03Activity Code Description: To provide research support specifically limited in time and amount for studies in categorical program areas. Small grants provide flexibility for initiating studies which are generally for preliminary short-term projects and are non-renewable. |
Functional and Anatomical Diversity in Human Vta and Subtantia Nigra
DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The functional role of midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons in motivating and reinforcing behaviors is supported by a wealth of data, leading to a well described route by which drugs of abuse cause addiction. In this work, a single function is commonly supposed for all DA neurons in signaling errors in reward prediction. This supposition has been challenged by recent findings that previously unrecognized sub-population of DA neurons in the medial posterior VTA respond to aversive and not rewarding stimuli. These findings have been replicated in three species across three independent laboratories. In addition to differentiation on the basis of reward and punishment, this population of DA neurons also project to different target regions than the rest of the DA system. In this project, we aim to identify a parallel differentiation of function and anatomy in the human midbrain using brainstem functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI).fMRI has been used profitably in the study of reward in recent years. Investigation of responses within the VTA and SN has required methodological advances recently developed by the PI and collaborators. Recent preliminary work indicates that we are able to differentiate functionally distinct sub-regions within the VTA/SN indicating feasibility of using fMRI in the current project. Additionally, preliminary work described in the proposal indicates that we are able to perform white matter fiber tracking from midbrain seed regions in the VTA/SN to areas in the striatum. Proposed studies combine these methods to identify parallel systems in the human DAergic midbrain.The potential consequences of functionally distinct populations of DA neurons are profound for research into addiction. Drugs of abuse enhance DA throughout the brain; a complete understanding of behavioral consequences of drug ingestion requires understanding the function of DA in all target regions. Animal research is excellent for precisely identifying sub-populations of DA neurons. However, identification of similar systems in humans is necessary to link animal work to behaviors relevant for addiction. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: A significant departure is underway regarding theories of dopamine function in the brain and this has profound consequences for understanding drug addiction. We extend methods developed for imaging from the human midbrain and develop novel tools for white matter fiber tracking to identify functional sub-regions within human VTA/SN. These methods are crucial for extending recent findings from animal research to human behaviors relevant to addiction.
|
1 |
2014 — 2017 |
Mcclure, Samuel |
N/AActivity Code Description: No activity code was retrieved: click on the grant title for more information |
Role of Fronto-Parietal Cortex in Delay Discounting
Choices made between outcomes available at different points in the future (intertemporal choices) constitute an important and common set of decisions encountered in everyday life. How people respond to such choices is also known to be predictive of a number of important life outcomes, and can be summarized using laboratory measures of delay discounting. Understanding the cognitive brain processes that underlie delay discounting, and particularly our ability to resist immediate temptations, is an important area of research in cognitive neuroscience. Significant progress has been made in this area over the past decade. It is now well established that brain reward areas, including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), encode the subjective value of prospective rewards. It is also established that a network of regions in lateral prefrontal (lPFC), dorsomedial frontal (dmFC), and posterior parietal cortex (pPC) are engaged when making intertemporal choices. However, the role of this fronto-parietal cortical network (FPN) remains debated and less understood. The current research project builds on recent computational modeling work done by McClure and his colleagues to test and unify competing theories of FPN function in delay discounting. This work promises to further our understanding of the brain basis of important cognitive processes related to the exertion of willpower and self-control.
We will conduct three studies that employ both fMRI and EEG to investigate the role of different frontal and parietal regions in intertemporal decision-making. In preliminary work, we have used our computation model framework to demonstrate that (1) the pPC interacts with the vmPFC during the valuing of choice options, and (2) value information is accumulated in the dmFC during action selection. This project will further test how the FPN functions under conditions of temptation and cognitive load and how these manipulations influence choice outcomes. A number of disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and drug addiction, have been directly associated with delay discounting. The proposed studies of delay discounting therefore represent a clear example in which cognitive neuroscience approaches promise to directly impact and improve our understanding of normal and aberrant behavior. Finally, decision neuroscience is a highly interdisciplinary field that combines elements of economics, psychology, and neuroscience. It offers an exciting training opportunity for the students at various levels of training who will be directly involved in the project.
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0.915 |