Gao-Lei Hou, Ph. D. - Publications

Affiliations: 
2021- Xi'an Jiaotong University, PR China 
Area:
Chemical Physics and Spectroscopy

70 high-probability publications. We are testing a new system for linking publications to authors. You can help! If you notice any inaccuracies, please sign in and mark papers as correct or incorrect matches. If you identify any major omissions or other inaccuracies in the publication list, please let us know.

Year Citation  Score
2023 Xu J, Bakker JM, Lushchikova OV, Lievens P, Janssens E, Hou GL. Pentagon, Hexagon, or Bridge? Identifying the Location of a Single Vanadium Cation on Buckminsterfullerene Surface. Journal of the American Chemical Society. PMID 37757468 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08451  0.776
2023 Wang Q, Qin Z, Hou GL, Yang Z, Valiev M, Wang XB, Zheng X, Cui Z. Properties of Gaseous Deprotonated L-Cysteine S-Sulfate Anion [cysS-SO]: Intramolecular H-Bond Network, Electron Affinity, Chemically Active Site, and Vibrational Fingerprints. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 24. PMID 36675196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021682  0.686
2023 Yang T, Li Z, Wang XB, Hou GL. Quantitative Descriptions of Dewar-Chatt-Duncanson Bonding Model: A Case Study of Zeise and Its Family Ions. Chemphyschem : a European Journal of Chemical Physics and Physical Chemistry. e202200835. PMID 36622739 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200835  0.647
2022 De Knijf K, van der Tol J, Ferrari P, Scholiers S, Hou GL, Lievens P, Janssens E. Influence of oxidation on the magnetism of small Co oxide clusters probed by Stern-Gerlach deflection. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : Pccp. 25: 171-182. PMID 36477168 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05202d  0.77
2021 Ferrari P, Delgado-Callico L, Lushchikova OV, Hou GL, Baletto F, Bakker JM, Janssens E. The size-dependent influence of palladium doping on the structures of cationic gold clusters. Nanoscale Advances. 3: 6197-6205. PMID 34765870 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00587a  0.691
2021 Hou GL, Yang T, Li MY, Vanbuel J, Lushchikova OV, Ferrari P, Bakker JM, Janssens E. Water Splitting by a C60 Supported Single Vanadium Atom. Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English). PMID 34610202 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112398  0.673
2020 Hou GL, Faragó E, Buzsáki D, Nyulászi L, Höltzl T, Janssens E. Observation of the Reaction Intermediates of Methanol Dehydrogenation by Cationic Vanadium Clusters. Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English). PMID 33200509 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011109  0.693
2020 Hou GL, Wang XB. Molecular Specificity and Proton Transfer Mechanisms in Aerosol Prenucleation Clusters Relevant to New Particle Formation. Accounts of Chemical Research. PMID 33108162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00444  0.652
2020 Qin Z, Hou GL, Yang Z, Valiev M, Wang XB. Distonic radical anion species in cysteine oxidation processes. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : Pccp. PMID 32716467 DOI: 10.1039/D0Cp02165B  0.668
2020 Ferrari P, Hou GL, Lushchikova OV, Calvo F, Bakker JM, Janssens E. The structures of cationic gold clusters probed by far-infrared spectroscopy. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : Pccp. PMID 32400803 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01613f  0.703
2020 Hou G, Wang X. Potassium iodide cluster based superhalogens and superalkalis: Theoretical calculations and experimental confirmation Chemical Physics Letters. 741: 137094. DOI: 10.1016/J.Cplett.2020.137094  0.703
2019 Hou GL, Wang XB. Spectroscopic Signature of Proton Location in Proton Bound HSO4‒•H+•X‒ (X = F, Cl, Br, and I) Clusters. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. PMID 31609627 DOI: 10.1021/Acs.Jpclett.9B02663  0.71
2019 Yuan Q, Kong XT, Hou GL, Jiang L, Wang XB. Electrospray ionization photoelectron spectroscopy of cryogenic [EDTA·M(ii)] complexes (M = Ca, V-Zn): electronic structures and intrinsic redox properties. Faraday Discussions. PMID 30994639 DOI: 10.1039/C8Fd00175H  0.695
2019 Mayer M, van Lessen V, Rohdenburg M, Hou GL, Yang Z, Exner RM, Aprà E, Azov VA, Grabowsky S, Xantheas SS, Asmis KR, Wang XB, Jenne C, Warneke J. Rational design of an argon-binding superelectrophilic anion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. PMID 30952786 DOI: 10.1073/Pnas.1820812116  0.677
2019 Yang Z, Hrovat DA, Hou GL, Borden WT, Wang XB. Negative Ion Photoelectron Spectroscopy Confirms the Prediction of a Singlet Ground State for the 1,8-Naphthoquinone Diradical. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A. PMID 30869889 DOI: 10.1021/Acs.Jpca.8B11063  0.699
2019 Lippe M, Szczepaniak U, Hou GL, Chakrabarty S, Ferreiro JJ, Chasovskikh E, Signorell R. Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry of CO2 Clusters During Nucleation and Growth. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A. PMID 30835464 DOI: 10.1021/Acs.Jpca.9B01030  0.596
2019 Hou G, Valiev M, Wang X. Sulfuric acid and aromatic carboxylate clusters H2SO4·ArCOO−: Structures, properties, and their relevance to the initial aerosol nucleation International Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 439: 27-33. DOI: 10.1016/J.Ijms.2019.02.001  0.716
2018 Warneke J, Konieczka SZ, Hou GL, Aprà E, Kerpen C, Keppner F, Schäfer TC, Deckert M, Yang Z, Bylaska EJ, Johnson GE, Laskin J, Xantheas SS, Wang XB, Finze M. Properties of perhalogenated {closo-B} and {closo-B} multiply charged anions and a critical comparison with {closo-B} in the gas and the condensed phase. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : Pccp. PMID 30515490 DOI: 10.1039/C8Cp05313H  0.718
2018 Li RZ, Deng SHM, Hou GL, Valiev M, Wang XB. Photoelectron spectroscopy of solvated dicarboxylate and alkali metal ion clusters, M[OC(CH)CO] [HO] (M = Na, K; n = 1-6). Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : Pccp. PMID 30427339 DOI: 10.1039/C8Cp03896A  0.723
2018 Yuan Q, Kong XT, Hou GL, Jiang L, Wang XB. Photoelectron spectroscopic and computational studies of [EDTA·M(iii)] complexes (M = H, Al, Sc, V-Co). Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : Pccp. PMID 29998233 DOI: 10.1039/C8Cp01548A  0.68
2018 Yang Z, Hrovat DA, Hou GL, Borden WT, Wang XB. Negative Ion Photoelectron Spectroscopy Confirms the Prediction of the Relative Energies of the Low-Lying Electronic States of 2,7- Napthoquinone. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A. PMID 29745661 DOI: 10.1021/Acs.Jpca.8B03239  0.705
2018 Hou GL, Govind N, Xantheas SS, Wang XB. Deviation from the trans-Effect in Ligand-Exchange Reactions of Zeise's Ions PtCl3(C2H4)‒ with Heavier Halides (Br-, I-). The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A. PMID 29338224 DOI: 10.1021/Acs.Jpca.7B10808  0.705
2018 Hou G, Lin W, Wang X. Direct Observation of Hierarchic Molecular Interactions Critical to Biogenic Aerosol Formation Communications Chemistry. 1. DOI: 10.1038/s42004-018-0038-7  0.591
2017 Hou GL, Wang XB, McCoy AB, Borden WT. Experimental and Theoretical Studies of the F(•) + H-F Transition-State Region by Photodetachment of [F-H-F](). The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A. PMID 28945364 DOI: 10.1021/Acs.Jpca.7B07682  0.63
2017 Warneke J, Hou GL, Aprà E, Jenne C, Yang Z, Qin Z, Kowalski K, Wang XB, Xantheas SS. Electronic Structure and Stability of [B12X12]2- (X=F-At): A Combined Photoelectron Spectroscopic and Theoretical Study. Journal of the American Chemical Society. PMID 28933868 DOI: 10.1021/Jacs.7B08598  0.667
2017 Hou GL, Wang XB, Valiev M. Formation of (HCOO-)(H2SO4) Anion Clusters: Violation of Gas Phase Acidity Predictions. Journal of the American Chemical Society. PMID 28783951 DOI: 10.1021/Jacs.7B05964  0.718
2017 Hou GL, Chen B, Transue WJ, Yang Z, Grützmacher H, Driess M, Cummins CC, Borden WT, Wang XB. Spectroscopic Characterization, Computational Investigation, and Comparisons of ECX- (E = As, P, and N; X = S and O) Anions. Journal of the American Chemical Society. PMID 28589728 DOI: 10.1021/Jacs.7B02984  0.703
2017 Feng G, Liu CW, Zeng Z, Hou GL, Xu HG, Zheng WJ. Initial hydration processes of magnesium chloride: size-selected anion photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio calculations. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : Pccp. PMID 28581547 DOI: 10.1039/C7Cp02965A  0.64
2017 Hou GL, Zhang J, Valiev M, Wang XB. Structures and energetics of hydrated deprotonated cis-pinonic acid anion clusters and their atmospheric relevance. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : Pccp. PMID 28398433 DOI: 10.1039/C6Cp08834A  0.698
2016 Hou GL, Chen B, Transue WJ, Hrovat DA, Cummins CC, Borden WT, Wang XB. Negative ion photoelectron spectroscopy of PN: electron affinity and electronic structures of PN˙. Chemical Science. 7: 4667-4675. PMID 30155115 DOI: 10.1039/C5Sc04667J  0.689
2016 Hrovat DA, Hou GL, Chen B, Wang XB, Borden WT. Negative ion photoelectron spectroscopy confirms the prediction that carbon trioxide (CO) has a singlet ground state. Chemical Science. 7: 1142-1150. PMID 29910870 DOI: 10.1039/C5Sc03542B  0.703
2016 Qin Z, Hou GL, Yang Z, Valiev M, Wang XB. Negative ion photoelectron spectra of ISO3(-), IS2O3(-), and IS2O4(-) intermediates formed in interfacial reactions of ozone and iodide/sulfite aqueous microdroplets. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 145: 214310. PMID 28799338 DOI: 10.1063/1.4969076  0.709
2016 Hou GL, Liu CW, Li RZ, Xu HG, Gao YQ, Zheng WJ. Emergence of Solvent-Separated Na(+)-Cl(-) Ion Pair in Salt Water: Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Theoretical Calculations. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 13-20. PMID 27935718 DOI: 10.1021/Acs.Jpclett.6B02670  0.642
2016 Li RZ, Zeng Z, Hou GL, Xu HG, Zhao X, Gao YQ, Zheng WJ. Hydration of potassium iodide dimer studied by photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio calculations. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 145: 184307. PMID 27846709 DOI: 10.1063/1.4967168  0.623
2016 Hou GL, Chen B, Transue WJ, Hrovat DA, Cummins CC, Borden WT, Wang XB. A Joint Experimental and Computational Study of the Negative Ion Photoelectron Spectroscopy of the 1-Phospha-2,3,4-triazolate Anion, HCPN3(.) The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A. PMID 27434547 DOI: 10.1021/Acs.Jpca.6B06343  0.715
2016 Hou GL, Li LJ, Li SH, Sun ZM, Gao X, Wang XB. Regioisomer-specific electron affinities and electronic structures of C70para-adducts at polar and equatorial positions with (bromo)benzyl radicals: photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical study. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : Pccp. PMID 27375165 DOI: 10.1039/C6Cp03978B  0.691
2016 Wen H, Hou GL, Liu YR, Wang XB, Huang W. Examining the structural evolution of bicarbonate-water clusters: insights from photoelectron spectroscopy, basin-hopping structural search, and comparison with available IR spectral studies. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : Pccp. PMID 27302736 DOI: 10.1039/C6Cp01542E  0.737
2016 Transue WJ, Velian A, Nava M, Martin-Drumel MA, Womack C, Jiang J, Hou GL, Wang XB, McCarthy M, Field RW, Cummins CC. A Molecular Precursor to Phosphaethyne and its Application in Synthesis of the Aromatic 1,2,3,4-Phosphatriazolate Anion. Journal of the American Chemical Society. PMID 27171847 DOI: 10.1021/Jacs.6B03910  0.695
2016 Liu X, Hou GL, Wang X, Wang XB. Negative Ion Photoelectron Spectroscopy Reveals Remarkable Noninnocence of Ligands in Nickel Bis(dithiolene) Complexes [Ni(dddt)2](-) and [Ni(edo)2](.) The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A. PMID 27099986 DOI: 10.1021/Acs.Jpca.6B02711  0.703
2016 Hou GL, Valiev M, Wang XB. Deprotonated Dicarboxylic Acid Homodimers: Hydrogen Bonds and Atmospheric Implications. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A. PMID 27032015 DOI: 10.1021/Acs.Jpca.6B01166  0.683
2016 Yuan J, Wang P, Hou GL, Feng G, Zhang WJ, Xu XL, Xu HG, Yang J, Zheng WJ. The Structural Evolution and Electronic Properties of VnC2(0/-)and VnC4(0/-) (n = 1-6) Clusters: Insights from Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Theoretical Calculations. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A. PMID 26871721 DOI: 10.1021/Acs.Jpca.6B00241  0.639
2016 Hou GL, Kong XT, Valiev M, Jiang L, Wang XB. Probing the early stages of solvation of cis-pinate dianions by water, acetonitrile, and methanol: a photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical study. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : Pccp. PMID 26752236 DOI: 10.1039/C5Cp05974G  0.688
2015 Li RZ, Hou GL, Liu CW, Xu HG, Zhao X, Gao YQ, Zheng WJ. Initial hydration behavior of sodium iodide dimer: photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio calculations. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : Pccp. PMID 26618327 DOI: 10.1039/C5Cp05550D  0.638
2015 Boltalina OV, Strauss SH, Castro KP, Bukovsky EV, Deweerd NJ, Rippy KC, Kuvychko IV, Wang X, Chen YS, Clikeman TT, Hou GL. Incremental Tuning Up of Fluorous Phenazine Acceptors. Chemistry (Weinheim An Der Bergstrasse, Germany). PMID 26617289 DOI: 10.1002/Chem.201504122  0.613
2015 Rippy KC, Bukovsky EV, Clikeman TT, Chen YS, Hou G, Wang XB, Popov AA, Boltalina OV, Strauss SH. Copper Causes Regiospecific Formation of C4F8-Containing Six-Membered Rings and their Defluorination/Aromatization to C4F4-Containing Rings in Triphenylene/1,4-C4F8I2 Reactions. Chemistry (Weinheim An Der Bergstrasse, Germany). PMID 26581454 DOI: 10.1002/Chem.201504291  0.594
2015 Sen A, Matthews EM, Hou GL, Wang XB, Dessent CE. Photoelectron spectroscopy of hexachloroplatinate-nucleobase complexes: Nucleobase excited state decay observed via delayed electron emission. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 143: 184307. PMID 26567662 DOI: 10.1063/1.4935171  0.692
2015 Hou GL, Feng G, Zhao LJ, Xu HG, Zheng WJ. Structures and Electronic Properties of (KI)n(‒/0) (n = 1-4) and K(KI)n(‒/0) (n = 1-3) Clusters: Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Isomer-depletion, and ab initio Calculations. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A. PMID 26473992 DOI: 10.1021/Acs.Jpca.5B09205  0.619
2015 Zhang WJ, Hou GL, Wang P, Xu HG, Feng G, Xu XL, Zheng WJ. Microsolvation of sodium acetate in water: Anion photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio calculations. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 143: 054302. PMID 26254648 DOI: 10.1063/1.4927668  0.613
2015 Sen A, Hou GL, Wang XB, Dessent CE. Electron Detachment as a Probe of Intrinsic Nucleobase Dynamics in Dianion-Nucleobase Clusters: Photoelectron Spectroscopy of the Platinum II Cyanide Dianion Bound to Uracil, Thymine, Cytosine and Adenine. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B. PMID 26244841 DOI: 10.1021/Acs.Jpcb.5B07108  0.679
2015 Hrovat DA, Hou GL, Wang XB, Borden WT. Negative Ion Photoelectron Spectroscopy Confirms the Prediction that 1,2,4,5-Tetraoxatetramethylenebenzene Has a Singlet Ground State. Journal of the American Chemical Society. PMID 26172391 DOI: 10.1021/Jacs.5B04416  0.691
2015 Zeng Z, Hou GL, Song J, Feng G, Xu HG, Zheng WJ. Microsolvation of LiBO2 in water: anion photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio calculations. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : Pccp. 17: 9135-47. PMID 25758204 DOI: 10.1039/C5Cp00020C  0.646
2015 Zeng Z, Liu CW, Hou GL, Feng G, Xu HG, Gao YQ, Zheng WJ. Photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio calculations of Li(H₂O)n(-) and Cs(H₂O)n(-) (n = 1-6) clusters. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A. 119: 2845-56. PMID 25723570 DOI: 10.1021/Jp512177J  0.631
2015 Feng G, Hou GL, Xu HG, Zeng Z, Zheng WJ. On the dissolution of lithium sulfate in water: anion photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : Pccp. 17: 5624-31. PMID 25623553 DOI: 10.1039/C4Cp05698A  0.66
2015 Zhang WJ, Hou GL, Wang P, Xu HG, Feng G, Xu XL, Zheng WJ. Microsolvation of sodium acetate in water: Anion photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio calculations Journal of Chemical Physics. 143. DOI: 10.1063/1.4927668  0.556
2015 Castro KP, Clikeman TT, DeWeerd NJ, Bukovsky EV, Rippy KC, Kuvychko IV, Hou G, Chen Y, Wang X, Strauss SH, Boltalina OV. Frontispiece: Incremental Tuning Up of Fluorous Phenazine Acceptors Chemistry - a European Journal. 22. DOI: 10.1002/Chem.201504564  0.575
2014 Yuan J, Hou GL, Yang B, Xu HG, Zheng WJ. Photoelectron spectroscopy of CoC2H2(-) and density functional study of Co(n)C2H2 (n = 1-3) anion and neutral clusters. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A. 118: 6757-62. PMID 25076133 DOI: 10.1021/Jp504933A  0.64
2014 Deng SH, Hou GL, Kong XY, Valiev M, Wang XB. Examining the amine functionalization in dicarboxylates: photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical studies of aspartate and glutamate. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A. 118: 5256-62. PMID 24979328 DOI: 10.1021/Jp505439B  0.704
2014 Liu CW, Hou GL, Zheng WJ, Gao YQ. Adsorption of water molecules on sodium chloride trimer Theoretical Chemistry Accounts. 133. DOI: 10.1007/S00214-014-1550-1  0.635
2013 Hou GL, Lin W, Deng SH, Zhang J, Zheng WJ, Paesani F, Wang XB. Negative Ion Photoelectron Spectroscopy Reveals Thermodynamic Advantage of Organic Acids in Facilitating Formation of Bisulfate Ion Clusters: Atmospheric Implications. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 4: 779-85. PMID 26281932 DOI: 10.1021/Jz400108Y  0.757
2013 Hou GL, Wu MM, Wen H, Sun Q, Wang XB, Zheng WJ. Photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical study of M(IO3)2(-) (M = H, Li, Na, K): structural evolution, optical isomers, and hyperhalogen behavior. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 139: 044312. PMID 23901985 DOI: 10.1063/1.4816525  0.723
2013 Wen H, Hou GL, Kathmann SM, Valiev M, Wang XB. Communication: solute anisotropy effects in hydrated anion and neutral clusters. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 138: 031101. PMID 23343260 DOI: 10.1063/1.4776766  0.703
2013 Hou GL, Lin W, Deng SHM, Zhang J, Zheng WJ, Paesani F, Wang XB. Negative ion photoelectron spectroscopy reveals thermodynamic advantage of organic acids in facilitating formation of bisulfate ion clusters: Atmospheric implications Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 4: 779-785. DOI: 10.1021/jz400108y  0.728
2012 Guo JC, Hou GL, Li SD, Wang XB. Probing the Low-Lying Electronic States of Cyclobutanetetraone (C4O4) and Its Radical Anion: A Low-Temperature Anion Photoelectron Spectroscopic Approach. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 3: 304-8. PMID 26285843 DOI: 10.1021/Jz201593Z  0.667
2012 Hou GL, Wen H, Lopata K, Zheng WJ, Kowalski K, Govind N, Wang XB, Xantheas SS. A combined gas-phase photoelectron spectroscopic and theoretical study of Zeise's anion and its bromine and iodine analogues. Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English). 51: 6356-60. PMID 22565588 DOI: 10.1002/Anie.201201959  0.769
2012 Yuan J, Zhao Y, Hou G, Gao Z, Zheng W. Structures of Al+(C2H4)n clusters: Mass-selected photodissociation and ab initio calculations International Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 309: 49-55. DOI: 10.1016/J.Ijms.2011.08.026  0.622
2012 Feng Y, Hou G, Xu H, Zhang Z, Zheng W. Photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional calculations of CunBO2(OH)− (n=1,2) clusters Chemical Physics Letters. 545: 21-25. DOI: 10.1016/J.Cplett.2012.07.030  0.614
2012 Hou G, Wen H, Lopata K, Zheng W, Kowalski K, Govind N, Wang X, Xantheas SS. Cover Picture: A Combined Gas-Phase Photoelectron Spectroscopic and Theoretical Study of Zeise’s Anion and Its Bromine and Iodine Analogues (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 26/2012) Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 51: 6281-6281. DOI: 10.1002/Anie.201203656  0.714
2012 Hou G, Wen H, Lopata K, Zheng W, Kowalski K, Govind N, Wang X, Xantheas SS. Titelbild: A Combined Gas-Phase Photoelectron Spectroscopic and Theoretical Study of Zeise’s Anion and Its Bromine and Iodine Analogues (Angew. Chem. 26/2012) Angewandte Chemie. 124: 6385-6385. DOI: 10.1002/Ange.201203656  0.715
2011 Wen H, Hou GL, Huang W, Govind N, Wang XB. Photoelectron spectroscopy of higher bromine and iodine oxide anions: electron affinities and electronic structures of BrO(2,3) and IO(2-4) radicals. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 135: 184309. PMID 22088067 DOI: 10.1063/1.3658858  0.695
2010 Yuan J, Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Hou G, Xu H, Zheng W. Photodissociation and DFT investigation of V+(C2H4)n (n=1–3) complexes International Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 295: 36-42. DOI: 10.1016/J.Ijms.2010.06.018  0.608
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