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High-probability grants
According to our matching algorithm, Toni Schmader is the likely recipient of the following grants.
Years |
Recipients |
Code |
Title / Keywords |
Matching score |
2001 — 2005 |
Schmader, Toni |
N/AActivity Code Description: No activity code was retrieved: click on the grant title for more information |
Collaborative Research: Vicarious Shame and Guilt: Antecedents and Consequences
A growing body of research has identified the important role of shame and guilt in regulating human social behavior. Past research has discovered that shame and guilt are often evoked by similar circumstances, yet these emotions are clearly distinct. For example, whereas guilt appears to facilitate smoother social interactions and psychological adjustment, shame prompts feelings of self-consciousness and a desire to withdraw from social encounters. Although existing research on shame and guilt has focused on the experience of these emotions as it occurs after people have committed a blameworthy action themselves, almost no research has examined factors that predict when people experience shame or guilt for actions carried out by other individuals. The proposed research will test a model of vicarious shame and guilt that integrates current understandings of self-conscious emotion with theoretical perspectives on social associations to predict what types of associations make individuals susceptible to vicarious shame versus guilt for the actions of others. The perceived essentiality of one's association to a wrongdoer is predicted to intensify reactions of vicarious shame and distancing responses, whereas one's level of interpersonal interdependence with a wrongdoer is predicted to intensify reactions of vicarious guilt and efforts to repair any damage done to a victim. A series of 14 experiments will manipulate the type of association participants have to an individual who commits a wrongdoing and examine the effects of these manipulations on participants' self-reported emotional reactions and cognitive appraisals, as well as their behavioral responses to both the wrongdoer and the victim. Because shame and guilt evoke such different behavioral reactions to events, the proposed research on vicarious shame and guilt promises to yield insights important for theories of intergroup and interpersonal behavior, as well as for theories of emotion.
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1 |
2004 — 2007 |
Schmader, Toni M |
R01Activity Code Description: To support a discrete, specified, circumscribed project to be performed by the named investigator(s) in an area representing his or her specific interest and competencies. |
Stereotype Threat as a Stress Induced Cognitive Deficit
[unreadable] DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Prior work on stereotype threat (see Steele, Spencer, & Aronson, 2002, for a review) suggests that the stress of being targeted by negative stereotypes can cause stigmatized individuals to perform more poorly on complex cognitive tasks when anything is done to remind them of their membership in a negatively stereotyped group. Although research has established the generalizability of these stereotype threat effects, a precise and integrated model of the processes by which negative stereotypes interfere with performance is still needed. This application draws on existing literatures examining how stress impacts cognitive processing and outlines a theoretical model that integrates cognitive, physiological, and affective processes that mediate stereotype threat effects on test performance by reducing an individual's working memory capacity. This model proposes that negative stereotypes reduce performance in testing situations because they present the individual with inconsistent views about the self that induce, a) cognitive processing in an attempt to reconcile the inconsistency, b) a physiological stress response involving increased stress hormones and sympathetic activation, and c) attempts to suppress felt anxiety. Each of these processes is hypothesized to have a negative effect on an individual's working memory capacity, a cognitive process integral to any complex mental task. The results of three preliminary experiments are reported to provide evidence that working memory capacity is a key mediator of stereotype threat effects on performance. The 11 experiments that are proposed will expand upon these findings to identify the processes by which stereotype threat interferes with working memory capacity and performance. A significant impact of the present research is that in gaining a better understanding of the stress-related processes that are affected by stereotype threat, it becomes more feasible to develop strategies that will enable individuals to cope successfully with social stigma. [unreadable] [unreadable]
|
0.958 |
2006 — 2009 |
Stone, Jeffrey Schmader, Toni |
N/AActivity Code Description: No activity code was retrieved: click on the grant title for more information |
Target Empowerment Strategies For Reducing Prejudice 2
Social psychologists have long been interested in understanding the causes and consequences of prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination. In documenting the causes of intergroup conflict, researchers have also identified strategies for reducing prejudiced attitudes, negative stereotypes and discrimination by perceivers when they interact with stigmatized individuals. Previous research on prejudice reduction has only examined the effectiveness of a given strategy when implemented through a controlled manipulation of the social context by a third party. Consequently, we know very little about how to reduce prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination in the absence of these situational antecedents. This project focuses on prejudice reduction processes, and specifically seeks to answer the question: What can a stigmatized individual do to reduce a perceiver's prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination during a one-on-one interaction? The goal of the proposed research is to test a new theory called the Target Empowerment Model (TEM) that describes the nature of prejudice reduction when stigmatized targets take an active role as influence agents attempting to change bias against them and their group. The TEM combines literatures on prejudice reduction and persuasion to test three hypotheses which include the following: (1) Stigmatized individuals can use subtle "passive" prejudice reduction strategies as effectively as non-stigmatized sources to reduce bias, and these effects are mediated by decreased accessibility of negative attitudes, lower feelings of threat, and more objective elaboration of the target; (2) Stigmatized targets will be less effective than non-stigmatized sources at using explicit, "active" strategies for reducing bias; (3) Active strategies can be used effectively by stigmatized targets to change bias when they are preceded by the early use of a passive strategy such as an "icebreaker". Eight experiments will be conducted over three years to investigate when and how stigmatized targets (e.g., gay males) can use passive and active influence strategies to reduce prejudice against themselves and against their group. The proposed research aims to explain how members of stigmatized groups can employ strategies to minimize the impact of others' prejudices against them individually as well as to change others' beliefs about their stigmatized groups.
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1 |