Paul Robert Young - US grants

This project by Paul Young of the University of Illinois, Chicago, is within the Organic Dynamics Program, and is aimed at a study of the reactions of organic compounds containing tricoordinate (i.e., three bonds) sulfur atoms. The detailed pathway by which these compounds react with negatively charged species will be investigated with special attention given to the competition between single and multiple step routes. This work should allow chemists to better predict and control complex reactions involving sulfur atoms. There is a significant body of data suggesting that, under certain conditions, alkyl transfer reactions from simple sulfonium salts may occur through a ligand coupling mechanism involving reductive elimination from an intermediate tetracoordinate sulfurane. This suggestion is easily testable by monitoring the product distribution and stereochemistry of selected reactions. A series of chiral S-methyl-S-(substituted alpha-methylbenzyl)-S-(substituted phenyl)sulfonium salts with known chirality around the benzyl group will be synthesized, and reacted with the following nucleophiles: (1) substituted ethyl alcohols (solvolysis conditions will be utilized and the progress of the reaction followed by NMR), (2) substituted pyridines and primary, secondary and tertiary amines in aprotic solvents and protic solvents found to support minimal solvolysis activity, (3) strong nucleophiles including phosphines and carbanions, (4) high concentrations of substituted acetates and benzoates under conditions where a second-order dependence on nucleophile concentration is observed, and (5) bifunctional nucleophiles including alpha- pyridones and alpha-pyridinethiones. For each class of nucleophile, product distributions will be obtained with special emphasis on the chirality of the transferred benzyl group. For each of the observed pathways, the effects of structure on reactivity will be investigated using classical Hammett and Bronsted correlations. Secondary deuterium isotope effects and C-13 isotope effects on the nucleophilic rate constants will be determined for comparison with isotope effects observed for methyl transfers catalyzed by the enzyme, catechol-O-methyltransferase. The effect of nucleophile strength on the partitioning pathways will be investigated, both within a given series (Bronsted correlations) and across the array of nucleophiles investigated (N+-type correlations). These data, taken as a complete set, will define the limits of the "ligand coupling" pathway in substitution reactions occurring at tricoordinate sulfur and will allow a more complete understanding of the role of nucleophile structure on each of the potential pathways for the alkyl transfer process.

Myelin basic protein (MBP) is one of the major protein components of the CNS myelin sheath. The protein is closely associated with the inner folds of the myelin membrane where it provides stability to the multilamellar structure. Autoimmune responses to MBP have been implicated in the demyelinating diseases experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. The exact mechanism of the interaction between MBP and the myelin membrane is not well understood. It has been suggested, however, that the methylation of the protein on Arginine-107 is an important aspect of the microscopic interaction mechanism. This residue is methylated by reaction with S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), although the enzyme catalyzing this methylation has not been purified. In order to more completely understand the mechanism of the myelin-MBP interaction, we propose to isolate and purify the enzyme system responsible for the methylation reaction. This enzyme will be characterized kinetically and the mechanism of the methylation reaction will be investigated. The role of the methylated arginine in the myelin-MBP interaction will be investigated with special emphasis on the suggestion that a deficiency in methylation may be associated with increased susceptibility to demyelinating diseases. The mechanism of lamellae destabilization during the phagocytosis of myelin will be investigated with special emphasis on the role of lysosomal pH gradients in primary and "bystander" demyelination. This work will directly contribute to our understanding of the chemical and kinetic mechansisms of methyltransferase enzymes, the physiological consequences of the methylation of MBP and will approach an understanding of the mechanisms of cell-mediated myelin degeneration in multiple sclerosis and similar demyelinating diseases.