1985 — 1989 |
Mulligan, Richard C |
K04Activity Code Description: Undocumented code - click on the grant title for more information. P01Activity Code Description: For the support of a broadly based, multidisciplinary, often long-term research program which has a specific major objective or a basic theme. A program project generally involves the organized efforts of relatively large groups, members of which are conducting research projects designed to elucidate the various aspects or components of this objective. Each research project is usually under the leadership of an established investigator. The grant can provide support for certain basic resources used by these groups in the program, including clinical components, the sharing of which facilitates the total research effort. A program project is directed toward a range of problems having a central research focus, in contrast to the usually narrower thrust of the traditional research project. Each project supported through this mechanism should contribute or be directly related to the common theme of the total research effort. These scientifically meritorious projects should demonstrate an essential element of unity and interdependence, i.e., a system of research activities and projects directed toward a well-defined research program goal. |
Retroviral Transducing Vectors @ Whitehead Institute For Biomedical Res
Retroviridae; virus genetics; plasmids; genetic mapping; nucleic acid sequence; genetic transcription; genetic manipulation; gene expression; oncogenes; virus DNA; immunoglobulin genes;
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0.913 |
1987 — 1991 |
Mulligan, Richard C |
R01Activity Code Description: To support a discrete, specified, circumscribed project to be performed by the named investigator(s) in an area representing his or her specific interest and competencies. |
Gene Transfer/Expression in Murine/Human Stem Cells @ Whitehead Institute For Biomedical Res
The overall goals of the proposed work are: (i) to further establish the use of retrovirus-mediated gene transfer as a means for introducing genes into hematopietic cells, and as an approach for studying the properties of hematopietic stem cells, and (ii) to generate new information bearing on the feasibility of gene transfer as a therapy for human diseases affecting the hematopoietic system. The proposed experiments in the mouse focus predominantly on the use of gene transfer to study the processes of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation and differentiation, and to define the parameters that govern the expression of genes introduced into mature hematopoietic cell types via stem cell infection. These studies will involve the extensive characterization of hematopoietic tissue derived from long term bone marrow transplant recipients previously engrafted with retrovirus transduced stem cells. Assessment of the developmental potential of general properties of hematopoietic stem cells will rely on the use of recombinant proviruses introduced into stem cell DNA as unique clonal markers. Studies are also proposed to examine the transduction of human hematopoietic stem cells, and to establish a framework for studying the expression of genes introduced into those cells.
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0.913 |
1992 — 1993 |
Mulligan, Richard C |
R01Activity Code Description: To support a discrete, specified, circumscribed project to be performed by the named investigator(s) in an area representing his or her specific interest and competencies. |
Gene Transfer/Expression in Human Stem Cells @ Whitehead Institute For Biomedical Res
The overall goals of the proposed work continue to be (i) the development of efficient methods for genetically modifying hematopoietic stem cells, (ii) the development of suitable methods for obtaining the appropriate in vivo expression of transferred genes, and (iii) the development of experimental model systems useful for understanding the control of hematopoiesis and for assessing the feasibility of genetic therapies for diseases affecting the hematopoietic system. The work currently proposed focuses in a major way upon the use of purified murine hematopoietic stem cells, rather than unfractionated bone marrow cells, as targets for gene transfer. An important component of the proposed work involves the physical and functional characterization of purified hematopoietic stem cells, with a particular emphasis upon understanding the functional properties of different hematopoietic cell populations that are important either for efficient genetic modification of stem cells or for the successful engraftment of lethally irradiated recipients with genetically modified cells. The proposed gene expression studies focus primarily upon features of retrovirus vector design and features of the inserted sequences themselves which influence the expression of recombinant retroviral genomes in vivo. An important new goal of this research program is to determine the feasibility of using homologous recombination techniques to 'repair' defective genes present in hematopoietic stem cells.
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0.913 |
1994 — 1995 |
Mulligan, Richard C |
R01Activity Code Description: To support a discrete, specified, circumscribed project to be performed by the named investigator(s) in an area representing his or her specific interest and competencies. |
Gene Transfer and Expression in Human Stem Cells @ Whitehead Institute For Biomedical Res
The overall goals of the proposed work continue to be (i) the development of efficient methods for genetically modifying hematopoietic stem cells, (ii) the development of suitable methods for obtaining the appropriate in vivo expression of transferred genes, and (iii) the development of experimental model systems useful for understanding the control of hematopoiesis and for assessing the feasibility of genetic therapies for diseases affecting the hematopoietic system. The work currently proposed focuses in a major way upon the use of purified murine hematopoietic stem cells, rather than unfractionated bone marrow cells, as targets for gene transfer. An important component of the proposed work involves the physical and functional characterization of purified hematopoietic stem cells, with a particular emphasis upon understanding the functional properties of different hematopoietic cell populations that are important either for efficient genetic modification of stem cells or for the successful engraftment of lethally irradiated recipients with genetically modified cells. The proposed gene expression studies focus primarily upon features of retrovirus vector design and features of the inserted sequences themselves which influence the expression of recombinant retroviral genomes in vivo. An important new goal of this research program is to determine the feasibility of using homologous recombination techniques to 'repair' defective genes present in hematopoietic stem cells.
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0.913 |
1994 — 1998 |
Mulligan, Richard C |
U01Activity Code Description: To support a discrete, specified, circumscribed project to be performed by the named investigator(s) in an area representing his or her specific interest and competencies. |
Genetically Modified Antigen Presenting Cells as Aids Vaccines @ Whitehead Institute For Biomedical Res
The overall goal of this program is to examine the use of genetically modified antigen presenting cells as vaccines for both the prevention and treatment of AIDS. The primary issue that will be address is whether manipulation of the presentation of specific SIV or HIV antigens to the immune system through the engineered expression of those antigens and potential immunostimulatory gene products in different cell types might lead to more effective immune responses against SIV or HIV that other more conventional methods of vaccination. A variety of cell types with different antigen presentation properties will be transduced so as to express single or complex mixtures of viral gene products in conjunction with potential immunostimulatory gene products. The immune response to a variety of different strategies for vaccination administration will then be characterized in detail. In order to attempt to specifically model the ability of such vaccines to eradicate cellular reservoirs AIDS to mediate to either rejection of a number of will characterized murine tumors that have been engineered to express specific viral gene products, or rejection of normal CD4+ T cells expressing the viral gene products. A number of different models of immunodeficiency will be developed in order to assess the ability of specific vaccine candidates to stimulate immune responses in immunocompromised hosts. Based on the murine studies, candidate gene products and cell types will be identified, and the appropriate methods and reagents for testing cell-based vaccines in primates and man will be generated. Collaborations with other members of the NCDVG will then be established in order to compare to efficacy of the vaccines to other vaccine candidates.
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0.913 |
1997 — 2001 |
Mulligan, Richard C |
P01Activity Code Description: For the support of a broadly based, multidisciplinary, often long-term research program which has a specific major objective or a basic theme. A program project generally involves the organized efforts of relatively large groups, members of which are conducting research projects designed to elucidate the various aspects or components of this objective. Each research project is usually under the leadership of an established investigator. The grant can provide support for certain basic resources used by these groups in the program, including clinical components, the sharing of which facilitates the total research effort. A program project is directed toward a range of problems having a central research focus, in contrast to the usually narrower thrust of the traditional research project. Each project supported through this mechanism should contribute or be directly related to the common theme of the total research effort. These scientifically meritorious projects should demonstrate an essential element of unity and interdependence, i.e., a system of research activities and projects directed toward a well-defined research program goal. P50Activity Code Description: To support any part of the full range of research and development from very basic to clinical; may involve ancillary supportive activities such as protracted patient care necessary to the primary research or R&D effort. The spectrum of activities comprises a multidisciplinary attack on a specific disease entity or biomedical problem area. These grants differ from program project grants in that they are usually developed in response to an announcement of the programmatic needs of an Institute or Division and subsequently receive continuous attention from its staff. Centers may also serve as regional or national resources for special research purposes. |
Core--Shared Vector Facility @ Brigham and Women's Hospital
The Vector Technology Core will provide a centralized service for the production and characterization of gene transfer reagents necessary for each of the individual projects in the Harvard Program in Gene Transfer for Heart, Lung and Blood Disease. In addition to its immediate service functions related to the production and distribution of vectors to investigators in the Program, the Core is designed to be highly flexible, so as to be able to rapidly bring in new gene transfer technologies developed by investigators affiliated with the Program, and develop the methodology necessary to permit the rapid dissemination of those technologies back to investigators in the individual projects. The immediate capabilities of the Core will include the transient production of high titer stocks of conventional retroviral and lentivirus vectors possessing a variety of host ranges, the generation of stable retroviral vector producing cell lines using a number of third and fourth generation packaging cell lines, the production of highly concentrated retroviral/VSV G pseudotypes, and the production of standard AAV vectors and second or third generation adenoviral vectors. In addition to the production of vectors, the Core will also provide expertise in the design and construction of vectors useful for obtaining the regulated expression of inserted genes, either through the use of tissue-specific transcriptional control elements or systems involving the regulation of transcription by exogenous means. Dr. Richard Mulligan, an expert in the development of mammalian vectors and packaging cell lines, will serve as the Director of the Core.
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0.91 |
1997 — 1999 |
Mulligan, Richard C |
P50Activity Code Description: To support any part of the full range of research and development from very basic to clinical; may involve ancillary supportive activities such as protracted patient care necessary to the primary research or R&D effort. The spectrum of activities comprises a multidisciplinary attack on a specific disease entity or biomedical problem area. These grants differ from program project grants in that they are usually developed in response to an announcement of the programmatic needs of an Institute or Division and subsequently receive continuous attention from its staff. Centers may also serve as regional or national resources for special research purposes. |
Optimization of Gene Transfer in Hematopoietic Stem Cells @ Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
(Adapted from the applicant's abstract) The overall goal of this research program is to develop improved, clinically applicable transduction and transplantation protocols that result in the efficient repopulation of recipients with genetically modified hematopoietic cells capable of expressing the inserted genes. In light of the current inability to demonstrate efficient gene transfer into hematopoietic stem cells of large animals or patients, we will focus our efforts on testing several hypotheses regarding the genetic modification of stem cells using retroviral vectors that have not yet been adequately examined. In addition, we will study in detail the ability of different retroviral vectors to provide for the expression of inserted genes in hematopoietic cells in vivo. Assessment of the efficiency of gene transfer and extent of gene expression achieved using different transduction protocols will be made through a series of parallel studies involving murine and human cells. Our methods of analysis will include the use of murine bone marrow transplantation models and the use of in vitro colony assays for human hematopoietic progenitors. A small number of candidate protocols will be further evaluated in autologous and MHC-matched allogeneic bone marrow transplantation models in the pig. The specific aims of the research program are: 1) To test the hypothesis that the titer and specific host range of recombinant retroviruses are critical determinants of the ability to efficiently transduce hematopoietic stem cells; 2) To test the hypothesis that the use of specific purified populations of hematopoietic stem cells are recipients for gene transfer will lead to the improved representation of genetically modified hematopoietic cells in recipients reconstituted with genetically modified cells; 3) To test the hypothesis that the isolation of transduced stem cells prior to transplantation can be used to improve the proportion of genetically modified cells detectable after transplantation; 4) To further characterize the expression potential of specific retroviral vectors in mice reconstituted with cells transduced using the optimal protocols developed in specific aims 1-3, 5) To use autologous and MHC-matched allogeneic bone marrow transplantation models in the pig to further validate strategies for transduction and/or transplantation of stem cells that have been developed on the basis of the studies in specific aims 1-3.
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0.907 |
1997 — 2001 |
Mulligan, Richard C |
P01Activity Code Description: For the support of a broadly based, multidisciplinary, often long-term research program which has a specific major objective or a basic theme. A program project generally involves the organized efforts of relatively large groups, members of which are conducting research projects designed to elucidate the various aspects or components of this objective. Each research project is usually under the leadership of an established investigator. The grant can provide support for certain basic resources used by these groups in the program, including clinical components, the sharing of which facilitates the total research effort. A program project is directed toward a range of problems having a central research focus, in contrast to the usually narrower thrust of the traditional research project. Each project supported through this mechanism should contribute or be directly related to the common theme of the total research effort. These scientifically meritorious projects should demonstrate an essential element of unity and interdependence, i.e., a system of research activities and projects directed toward a well-defined research program goal. P50Activity Code Description: To support any part of the full range of research and development from very basic to clinical; may involve ancillary supportive activities such as protracted patient care necessary to the primary research or R&D effort. The spectrum of activities comprises a multidisciplinary attack on a specific disease entity or biomedical problem area. These grants differ from program project grants in that they are usually developed in response to an announcement of the programmatic needs of an Institute or Division and subsequently receive continuous attention from its staff. Centers may also serve as regional or national resources for special research purposes. |
Sustained/Targeted Transgene Expression--Development of New Viral Vector Systems @ Brigham and Women's Hospital
Despite many recent technological advances in the field of gene transfer, a number of technical issues continue to thwart the successful implementation of gene transfer-based clinical therapies for diseases affecting the heart, blood, and lungs. Accordingly, it is becoming increasingly important to consider the development of new methods for gene delivery which overcome the limitations of existing systems. The overall goal of this research program is to develop new retroviral vectors which are able to efficiently deliver genes directly to both proliferating and quiescent cells of the cardiovascular system in vivo, and which provide for the sustained expression of the transferred genes. The major hypothesis driving the proposed studies is that a retroviral vector system which couples the capacity for integration in quiescent cells with the ability to generate extremely high titer virus stocks will have broad application in both ex vivo and in vivo gene therapy strategies aimed at the treatment of diseases of the heart, blood, and lungs. In a first series of studies, we propose to generate safe, reliable, stable HIV-derived packaging cell lines useful for the production of large quantities of high titer helper-free lentivirus- derived vectors which can be highly concentrated. To minimize the opportunity for recombinational events involving homologous packaging and vector sequences that could lead to the emergence of either replication competent virus or the transmission of specific viral gene products, we will attempt to precisely engineer the expression of HIV gag-pol coding sequences through the use of specific non-retroviral expression elements. In parallel with the generation of stable packaging cell lines, we propose to develop hybrid HlV/MLV vectors modeled after the design of the MFG vector which can be efficiently packaged by HIV- derived components and efficiently express inserted genes. In a second series of studies, we will consider several strategies for generating predominantly MLV-based packaging cell lines which will potentially support the production of murine-based vectors able to transduce proliferating and quiescent cells. The ability of the different vectors systems to efficiently transduced proliferating and quiescent cells of the cardiovascular system will be assessed both in vitro and in vivo in studies conducted by the Vector Evaluation and Model Systems Core.
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0.91 |
2000 — 2002 |
Mulligan, Richard C |
P50Activity Code Description: To support any part of the full range of research and development from very basic to clinical; may involve ancillary supportive activities such as protracted patient care necessary to the primary research or R&D effort. The spectrum of activities comprises a multidisciplinary attack on a specific disease entity or biomedical problem area. These grants differ from program project grants in that they are usually developed in response to an announcement of the programmatic needs of an Institute or Division and subsequently receive continuous attention from its staff. Centers may also serve as regional or national resources for special research purposes. |
Novel Application of Stem Cells/ Retroviral Vectors @ Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
Recent studies from our laboratory and others suggest that murine hematopoietic stem cells and perhaps other cell populations derived from non-hematopoietic organs, may possess the capacity to differentiate into a range of mature cell types distinct from those originally thought to be derived from the cells. This apparent 'plasticity' of stem cell populations offers new opportunities to expand the use of bone marrow transplantation, in conjunction with gene transfer, to treat congenital diseases which affect cells other than those of the blood. Such a strategy may be particularly important for the treatment of diseases in which the systemic delivery of cells or genes throughout the body is essential, such as muscular dystrophy. In this research program, we propose to (i) determine, in a comprehensive way, the spectrum of cell types than can be derived from different populations of stem cells isolated from the adult, (ii) to develop procedures for the isolation, manipulation, and transplantation of cells which lead to the optimized production and systemic engraftment of specific cell types, and (iii) to apply those procedures, along with the methods we have previously developed for the transduction of hematopoietic stem cells, to the evaluation of gene therapies for the treatment of specific congenital disease, using well characterized animal models.
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0.907 |
2005 — 2008 |
Mulligan, Richard C [⬀] |
R01Activity Code Description: To support a discrete, specified, circumscribed project to be performed by the named investigator(s) in an area representing his or her specific interest and competencies. |
Exogenous Gene Control Via Modulation of Rna Self-Cleavage @ Harvard University (Medical School)
DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The ability to 'exogenously' control the expression of genes in mammalian cells has been a powerful tool of biomedical research. In particular, gene regulation technology has played a major role in efforts to understand the role of specific gene products in fundamental biological processes and in development and disease states. The technology also offers the opportunity to have a major impact in a number of other areas of research and could even form an important basis for new therapeutic paradigms. However, due to limitations of existing systems, there is a need for the development of new methods for achieving gene regulation in order to realize the full potential of the technology. The focus of this grant proposal is the development of a new technology platform for gene regulation which involves the modulation of RNA self-cleavage, rather than transcription, as a means of controlling gene expression. The basis for the proposed research program are recent studies in our laboratory which demonstrate that incorporation of sequences encoding self-cleaving RNA motifs, ribozymes (rz), into a mammalian transcription unit can lead to the elimination of gene expression from the resulting transcript, due to efficient self-cleavage of the mRNA. In turn, we have shown that gene expression from such a configuration can be effectively 'induced' via inhibition of RNA self-cleavage using small molecule inhibitors. We believe that such a system for gene regulation may offer distinct advantages over existing systems for controlling gene expression and could have broad experimental and therapeutic application. The overall objective of the research program described here is to further understand the experimental parameters which govern efficient RNA self-cleavage in mammalian cells, and to apply that knowledge, in conjunction with development of new methodologies for the manipulation of rz self-cleavage and standard gene transfer technology, to the development of a widely applicable and 'user-friendly' technology platform for gene regulation. An important goal of the research program will be to establish a general methodology for the development of 'custom-designed' rz-based gene regulation systems tailored to respond to any specific small molecule or other molecular entity.
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0.939 |
2006 — 2010 |
Mulligan, Richard C |
P30Activity Code Description: To support shared resources and facilities for categorical research by a number of investigators from different disciplines who provide a multidisciplinary approach to a joint research effort or from the same discipline who focus on a common research problem. The core grant is integrated with the center's component projects or program projects, though funded independently from them. This support, by providing more accessible resources, is expected to assure a greater productivity than from the separate projects and program projects. |
Core - Vector @ Dana-Farber Cancer Inst
The Vector Core of the DF/HCC was established in 1998 with the specific mission to provide state-ofthe- art gene transfer technology and expert advice to DF/HCC investigators. The DF/HCC Vector Core is closely allied with investigators at the Harvard Gene Therapy Initiative who are focused on the development of new gene therapy vectors and associated technologies, so that as new advances in the area of vector development are made, they can be rapidly offered to Core users. The capabilities of this core include the rapid construction and characterization of a wide range of plasmid constructs, viral vectors, and genetically engineered tumor.cell lines suitable for tumor cell vaccination studies.
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0.907 |
2007 — 2010 |
Mulligan, Richard C [⬀] |
R01Activity Code Description: To support a discrete, specified, circumscribed project to be performed by the named investigator(s) in an area representing his or her specific interest and competencies. |
Improving the Safety Profile of Lentiviral Vectors @ Harvard University (Medical School)
[unreadable] DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Despite a wealth of pre-clinical animal studies over the past decade which had demonstrated the safety of gene therapy, the recent clinical experience of Cavazzana-Calvo, Fischer and co-workers with the treatment of children with SCID-X1 by gene therapy suggests that retroviral and lentiviral vector mediated gene therapies that employ existing technology may present a significant risk to patients. While there may be some difference in opinion with regard to the appropriateness of continuing clinical gene therapy studies that make use of existing technology, most would agree that the development of vectors with an improved safety profile would significantly accelerate the advancement of the clinical development of retroviral and lentiviral vector-based gene therapies. The proposed research program will focus on three technological areas of lentiviral vector development which we believe could have the most impact on safety profile of the vectors. These areas include the development of better and safer methods to produce lentiviral vectors suitable for clinical use, the development of more effective means to conditionally eliminate transduced cells and the development of methods to minimize the effects of lentiviral-mediated gene transfer on cellular gene expression. Overall, these studies should lead to the generation of valuable information, technology, and reagents that should be of broad interest to investigators working in the field of gene therapy, and should greatly accelerate the re-establishment of a strong clinical development effort in lentiviral vector-based gene therapy strategies. [unreadable] [unreadable] [unreadable]
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0.939 |
2009 — 2010 |
Mulligan, Richard C [⬀] |
RC1Activity Code Description: NIH Challenge Grants in Health and Science Research |
Engineered in Vivo Nuclear Fusion: Application to Regenerative Medicine
DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Engineered in vivo nuclear fusion: application to regenerative medicine. This application addresses broad Challenge Area (11) Regenerative Medicine and specific Challenge Topic, 11-DK-104: Use of Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSC) to regenerate or repair mesenchymal tissues. This application focuses on the development of a new cell-based strategy for regenerative medicine and gene therapy which depends upon the ability to genetically engineer hematopoietic stem cells or other cell populations to be capable of efficient fusion to cells within organs and tissues after their transplantation in vivo, using murine retroviral envelope or human viral-like fusogenic gene products. The approach seeks to build upon provocative recent studies of the ability of hematopoietic or other stem cells to transdifferentiate into unexpected differentiated cells which have suggested that spontaneous cell fusion involving circulating hematopoietic cells and cells within organs and tissues can occur, particularly in response to tissue injury, and may represent an important mechanism for the repair of organs and tissues. The hypothesis underlying this grant application is that genetic technologies can provide a means of dramatically increasing the efficiency of cell fusion of transplanted cells, and that such engineered cell-cell fusion in vivo can provide a broad and powerful platform for repairing tissues and for the delivery of useful therapeutics. A major goal of the two-year program is to rapidly assess the potential breadth of the new technology so that subsequent studies can immediately focus on the most promising therapeutic applications. In a series of in vitro experiments, effort will be made to further understand the experimental parameters governing engineered cell-cell fusion via fusogenic viral envelope gene products, with an emphasis on characterizing the viability and fate of fused cells, and determining how expression levels of either the fusogenic envelopes or their corresponding receptors affect the absolute efficiency of fusion and the average number of nuclei that are fused. In vivo studies will focus on a determination of the range of tissues and organs that are amenable to cell fusion after local or systemic delivery of different types of donor cells. In addition to determining the efficiency of nuclear transfer to muscle and other tissues and organs, the capacity of donor nuclei derived from different cell types to provide for the expression of therapeutic gene products, and the immunological consequences of the transplantation of allogeneic and xenogeneic cells, will be determined. A particularly important goal of the in vivo studies will be to understand how interactions between donor and recipient nuclei affect the extent of reprogramming and/or maintenance of the differentiated phenotype of the donor and recipient nuclei in different tissues. Of specific interest is whether in vivo nuclear fusion can be employed to reprogram cells in the pancreas or liver to the islet phenotype, and/or to enable the preservation of the specialized differentiated functions of specific cells, such as insulin or antibody secreting cells via introduction of nuclei from those specialized cells into muscle or other tissues. In efforts to systemically deliver nuclei to tissues via the transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells, an important objective is to directly determine whether the expression of fusogenic gene products can provide for increased levels of engraftment of donor derived nuclei and regenerative repair relative to untransduced cells. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: The proposed research is highly relevant to human health, as the goal of the studies is to develop a novel cell transplantation approach to regenerative medicine. Such a therapy could have a major impact upon the treatment of many inherited and acquired diseases for which there are currently no effective treatments
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0.907 |
2012 — 2016 |
Mulligan, Richard C |
P30Activity Code Description: To support shared resources and facilities for categorical research by a number of investigators from different disciplines who provide a multidisciplinary approach to a joint research effort or from the same discipline who focus on a common research problem. The core grant is integrated with the center's component projects or program projects, though funded independently from them. This support, by providing more accessible resources, is expected to assure a greater productivity than from the separate projects and program projects. |
Vector @ Dana-Farber Cancer Inst
The DF/HCC Vector Core was founded in 1999 to provide state-of-the-art gene transfer technology and expert advice to Cancer Center members. It has been continuously funded by the CCSG for ten years. The facility offers the rapid construction and characterization of a wide range of plasmid constructs, viral vectors and genetically engineered tumor cell lines suitable for tumor cell vaccination studies. The Vector Core is closely aligned with the Harvard Gene Therapy Initiative, which develops new gene therapy vectors and associated technologies. As new advances in vector development are made, they are rapidly made available through the Core. Director: Richard C. Mulligan, PhD(CHB) Category: 4.07 (Gene TherapyA/ector) Management: Joint (Cancer Center and Institution)
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0.906 |