James S. Uleman, Ph.D. - US grants
Affiliations: | Psychology | New York University, New York, NY, United States |
Area:
Implicit impressions of other peopleWebsite:
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High-probability grants
According to our matching algorithm, James S. Uleman is the likely recipient of the following grants.| Years | Recipients | Code | Title / Keywords | Matching score |
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| 1988 — 1992 | Uleman, James S | R01Activity Code Description: To support a discrete, specified, circumscribed project to be performed by the named investigator(s) in an area representing his or her specific interest and competencies. |
Intentional and Automatic Processes in Trait Inferences @ New York University The impressions we form of others are basic determinants of most social interactions and decisions about other people. These impressions are usually based on observing behavior and encoding the observation in some summary form, such as traits. Basic as trait inferences and encoding are, little is known about the processing stages in making trait inferences, and the extent to which such inferences are under intentional control. The 14 proposed studies are part of a program of research on the effects of intentions and automatic processing on the trait inference process. Using trait-implying descriptions of behavior as stimuli and a cued recall paradigm, we have shown that people can mke trait inferences at encoding during comprehension, without either intentions to do so or awareness of having done so. These inferences are termed "spontaneous" because they are neither fully automatic nor controlled. The proposed studies examine several hypothesized stages in trait inferences: using context to disambiguate polysemous words (and acts, by implication) in behavior descriptions; characterizing the behavior more abstractly; linking the behavior characterization to the actor concept; and encoding the result into long term memory. They focus on the time course of these processing stages, and the effects of the observers' processing goals on each stage. The central question is how much people are, or can be aware of their own trait inference processes, and how much they can control them. Recognition reaction times, cross-modal interference in lexical decisions, and primed recognition reaction time procedures are used in addition to more traditional recall measures. Processing goals are varied directly through instructions, and indirectly through the stimuli's vividness, veracity, and relatedness to the actor. This research should (a) provide evidence for the hypothesized stages in inferring traits from behavior descriptions, (b) clarify the limits of control people can have over these processing stages and their results, and (c) broaden the range of methods available for studying person perception processes that are basic to a wide range of social phenomena, from psychiatric diagnoses to stereotyping. |
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| 1994 — 1998 | Uleman, James | N/AActivity Code Description: No activity code was retrieved: click on the grant title for more information |
Unintended Social Inferences in Encoding Social Information @ New York University 9319611 ULEMAN ABSTRACT People often make "snap judgements" of others, and these may be hard to ignore. Recent research shows that people sometimes make these judgements without even realizing it, and despite their best intentions to avoid them. These "spontaneous trait inferences" (STIs) can affect subsequent judgements, without the judge's knowledge. Reaction time methods, and word-stem completion measures, allow us to detect and study these unconscious STIs. STIs can be abstract or concrete (e.g., "good" vs. "charitable"). What determines their level of abstraction? The researcher will investigate their abstractness, and the possibility that prior evaluations of the person affect STI's generality. For example, if someone acts generously, that might be spontaneously interpreted as "good" if you already feel positively about the person, but merely as "charitable" (a less general influence) if you feel negatively. Previous demonstrations of STIs have all been based on the target person's behaviors. But we also form impressions from how others act toward the target person. A second set of experiments will investigate whether we do this spontaneously. Just as traits can be spontaneously inferred, perhaps goals and/or behaviors are also spontaneously inferred. The third set of experiments will explore this possibility. In addition, all these experiments seek personality differences between those who readily make STIs and those who do not. This basic research on impression formation has potential applications to personnel assessments and diagnoses of psychopathology, as well as to understanding stereotyping, daily social interaction patterns, and long-term social relationships. |
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| 2004 | Uleman, James S | R01Activity Code Description: To support a discrete, specified, circumscribed project to be performed by the named investigator(s) in an area representing his or her specific interest and competencies. |
Controlling Effects of Implicit Impressions @ New York University DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This project is designed to increase basic knowledge of how people spontaneously form impressions of other people, of the effects of this implicit knowledge on judging others, and of the conditions under which people can control their implicit knowledge's effects. Impressions of others are fundamental determinants of social relations. They can promote mental health or mental illness, and affect people's receipt of medical care. They affect people's effectiveness in work groups, friendships and social support networks, choice of reference groups, inter-group cooperation and conflict, and more. Most research on how people form and use impressions focuses on intentionally formed, explicit impressions, measured through self-reports. But recent research shows that much knowledge of others is implicit and not available to self-report. This implicit knowledge can affect explicit judgments of others without the judges' awareness. How much control can people have over their implicit impressions' effects, once they are made aware of them? What affects the degree of control they have? This project proposes ten experiments designed to provide some precise, initial answers to these questions. They examine effects on control of time delays between forming implicit impressions and trying to control their effects; of doing other cognitive tasks, both when implicit impressions are formed and when control is attempted later; of having various goals when implicit impressions are initially formed; and of forewarning and suspicion. They investigate whether implicit impressions of people differ from implicit impressions of inanimate objects, and factors that may affect controlling implicit stereotypes. These studies open up new areas of research, and demonstrate new methods to pursue them. They should contribute to better understanding of any health problems where implicit impressions of others are part of the problem, or could contribute to the solution. |
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| 2005 — 2006 | Uleman, James S | R01Activity Code Description: To support a discrete, specified, circumscribed project to be performed by the named investigator(s) in an area representing his or her specific interest and competencies. |
Controlling Effects of Implicit Perceptions @ New York University DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This project is designed to increase basic knowledge of how people spontaneously form impressions of other people, of the effects of this implicit knowledge on judging others, and of the conditions under which people can control their implicit knowledge's effects. Impressions of others are fundamental determinants of social relations. They can promote mental health or mental illness, and affect people's receipt of medical care. They affect people's effectiveness in work groups, friendships and social support networks, choice of reference groups, inter-group cooperation and conflict, and more. Most research on how people form and use impressions focuses on intentionally formed, explicit impressions, measured through self-reports. But recent research shows that much knowledge of others is implicit and not available to self-report. This implicit knowledge can affect explicit judgments of others without the judges' awareness. How much control can people have over their implicit impressions' effects, once they are made aware of them? What affects the degree of control they have? This project proposes ten experiments designed to provide some precise, initial answers to these questions. They examine effects on control of time delays between forming implicit impressions and trying to control their effects; of doing other cognitive tasks, both when implicit impressions are formed and when control is attempted later; of having various goals when implicit impressions are initially formed; and of forewarning and suspicion. They investigate whether implicit impressions of people differ from implicit impressions of inanimate objects, and factors that may affect controlling implicit stereotypes. These studies open up new areas of research, and demonstrate new methods to pursue them. They should contribute to better understanding of any health problems where implicit impressions of others are part of the problem, or could contribute to the solution. |
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