Viktor K. Jirsa - US grants

Every year people immigrate to the United States who do not understand or speak English. While learning a new language is not too difficult for children and adolescents, it is a much harder feat for adults. This is in part because adult speakers cannot usually hear meaningful sound distinctions in English that are not part of their native language. For example, in English "bit" and "bead" have different meanings but in Spanish the two English words may sound identical. It is often extremely difficult for native Spanish speakers to learn to hear the difference between these two words. Another common example is Japanese speakers' difficulty in perceiving the difference between "r" and "l." It works both ways, so to speak, typical American English speakers cannot tell the difference between, for example, the Hindi "d" (as in dal, which is the word for lentils) and the American English "d", which is produced with the tongue slightly further back in the mouth. Typical courses in English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) concentrate on vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation, but much is as yet unknown about how adults can learn to perceive new speech sounds.

With support from The National Science Foundation, Dr. Betty Tuller (a cognitive scientist) and Dr. Viktor Jirsa (a theoretical physicist) will advance our understanding of 1) how learning of a meaningful speech sound occurs over time, 2) exactly what is learned, 3) the impact of a newly learned distinction on a similar, but not identical, native speech sound, 4) transfer of learning to a novel speech contrast, and 5) variables that may facilitate learning. The collaboration between a cognitive scientist and a theoretical physicist has the potential to be exceptionally fruitful, as behavioral research and theoretical modeling, grounded in the dynamics of the problem, can inform and guide each other. This multidisciplinary approach has proven to lead to new insights in many realms of human behavior. The proposed experiments have broad implications for understanding the nature of learning itself (what is learned and what processes are involved in learning) as well as for the specific area of second language learning. There is a critical need for language-learning research that can improve second language teaching. Perhaps less obvious are the implications for computer-assisted language learning and speech remediation. Understanding how adult's perceptions are altered by linguistic experience will likely shed light on how meaningful speech perception can be regained after brain damage (e.g. in aphasia) or learned in developmental language disorders. In particular, the work may steer strategies of remediation to become more individually based.

Every year, there is a large influx of immigrants to the United States who do not understand or speak English. While learning a new language is not too difficult for children and adolescents, it is a much harder feat for adults. This is in part because adult speakers may not perceive meaningful sound distinctions in English if these distinctions are not part of their native language. For example, there are two different English vowels in ''bit'' and ''bead'', but Spanish does not distinguish between these vowel sounds. It therefore can be very difficult for native Spanish speakers to learn to hear the difference between words like ''bit'' and ''bead''. Likewise, American English speakers may not perceive the difference between the Hindi ''d'' and the American English ''d''. Perceiving such sound distinctions is essential to learning new languages, and difficulties in making these distinctions can greatly hinder language learning.

With support of the National Science Foundation, Drs. Tuller and Jirsa are investigating how adults learn to perceive sound distinctions in non-native languages. They are training adult monolingual speakers of American English to perceive the difference between Spanish trilled ''r'' and tapped ''r'', a distinction that does not occur in English. Some people appear to learn new languages more rapidly and robustly than others, and previous work suggests that the perceptual ability is a factor in determining whether or not learning will occur, and how it will occur during language training. The investigators are proposing a dynamic systems theory that predicts two basic kinds of language learners with respect to speech sounds: Listeners either learn new speech sounds or they learn to make fine acoustic distinctions that are not language-based. Experiments are being conducted to test and explore this theory, and the results may have broad implications for understanding the nature of learning itself as well as the more specific question of second language learning. Knowledge gained from this research may also help to improve second language education practices and technologies, and remediation strategies for speech disorders.