1988 — 1990 |
Inhoff, Albrecht W |
R01Activity Code Description: To support a discrete, specified, circumscribed project to be performed by the named investigator(s) in an area representing his or her specific interest and competencies. |
Manual and Oculomotor Control in Copy Typing @ State University New York Binghamton
The major goal of the present experiments is to identify developmental changes in the acquisition of typing skill. These changes are sought in typists' eye movements, which are used to encode the to-be-typed text, in typists' manual keypress responses, which are to be precisely timed to produce the desired spatial sequencing of keystrokes, and in the coordination of oculomotor and manual responses. Experiments 1 to 5 specify the spatial and temporal parameters of text processing in copy typing and time-locking of oculomotor and manual responses. Experiments 6 to 8 attempt to identify informational units which are encoded via a series of eye fixations and used by the manual motor system to plan a sequence of keypress responses. Experiments 9 and 10 will discriminate the informational unit of motor planning from the unit of response execution. Eye movements and manual interkeypress responses are measured in Experiments 1 to 9. Experiments 1 to 5 also use eye movement contingent display changes that permit the experimenter to determine the amount and the timing of visual information that is available during a fixation in typing. Experiment 10 uses a simple reaction (typing) task in which single words are typed: no eye movements are measured in this study. The results of these experiments should impose constraints on a viable model of skilled typing and identify developmental changes in the acquisition of typing skill. In addition, the experiments may have implications for models of eye-hand coordination in general. For example, if skill acquisition involved the increased coordination of cognitive and/or motoric processes and if timing is the primary parameter of response coordination, then increases in typing skill should lead to increases in the time-locking of oculomotor and manual responses. The results of the experiments may also have implications for clinically impaired patient populations who use typewriter keyboards to communicate. Keyboards are currently used by the deaf to communicate over phone lines (TTY telephones). Furthermore, patients with articulatory deficits may use typewriter keyboards as a substitute for auditory language.
|
0.958 |
1989 |
Inhoff, Albrecht W |
S15Activity Code Description: Undocumented code - click on the grant title for more information. |
Small Instrumentation Program @ State University New York Binghamton
biomedical equipment resource; biomedical equipment purchase;
|
0.958 |
1990 — 1992 |
Inhoff, Albrecht |
N/AActivity Code Description: No activity code was retrieved: click on the grant title for more information |
Integration of Text Across Interword Saccades in Reading
This research will examine the integration of visual and cognitive information across eye movements in reading. During each eye fixation in reading, skilled readers acquire effective information from the word directly fixated and the next word in the text. In general, the word directly fixated is fully identified; the next word in the text, usually referred to as the parafoveal word, is "pre-viewed" but not identified. These experiments will examine the nature of this word preview process. One group of experiments will examine whether skilled readers use parafoveal word previews to acquire useful word length information and effective orthographic/lexical information. A second group of experiments will examine whether the usefulness of parafoveal word previews is a function of the sentential context within which these words occur. In each experiment, skilled readers' eye movements will be recorded while they read single sentences. During sentence reading, a stimulus available parafoveally will be replaced with a target word after completion of the eye movement from the fixated word to the parafoveal stimulus. The linguistic relationship between the stimulus available paravfoveally and the target word subsequently fixated will be varied to determine which type of effective visual and cognitive information was obtained from the parafoveal stimulus preview. The outcome of this research will reveal how learned perceptual and cognitive skills contribute to the effective "pre-viewing" of parafoveally available words in skilled reading. This may assist the development of remedial reading programs for people who lack sufficient development of these skills.
|
0.958 |
1994 — 1996 |
Inhoff, Albrecht W |
R01Activity Code Description: To support a discrete, specified, circumscribed project to be performed by the named investigator(s) in an area representing his or her specific interest and competencies. |
Oculomotor Control During Reading @ State University New York Binghamton
Reading requires the acquisition of linguistic information from spatially ordered visual symbols. Since high acuity vision is limited to a small area of text, generally encompassing only the directly fixated word, readers need to execute a series of eye movements to view successive segments of text. One set of the proposed studies determines general principles of oculomotor control during reading. A second set examines how constraints of the visuo-motor system shape the acquisition of linguistic information. In most of the proposed experiments the visibility of critical text segments is made contingent upon the location, duration, or spatial location of individual eye fixations (eye movements). Effects of viewing constraints and of linguistic text manipulations on oculomotor activity are measured and used to infer principles of movement programming and text acquisition. The results should contribute to a model of visual language perception that considers the unique constraints of the visuo-motor system. This may assist our understanding of reading disabilities in individuals with no auditory language impairment. Advancement of oculomotor models should also make methodological and theoretical contributions to all areas of cognitive study which rely on the use of oculomotor measures.
|
0.958 |
1998 — 2007 |
Inhoff, Albrecht W |
R01Activity Code Description: To support a discrete, specified, circumscribed project to be performed by the named investigator(s) in an area representing his or her specific interest and competencies. |
Overt and Covert Selection During Reading @ State University New York Binghamton
DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Encoding of text during reading differs fundamentally from the encoding of speech in that reading requires the active selection for processing of to-be-recognized words from a spatially ordered set of visual symbols. Two forms of visual selection are distinguished in the literature. Overt selection, which is accomplished by directing the eyes to a selected word of text and by fixating it for a brief interval, and covert selection, which controls the processing of words during a fixation. Models of eye movement control during reading seek to explain how these two types of selection are accomplished and coordinated. To advance theoretical developments in the field, Dr. Inhoff examines the selection-for-fixation and the selection-for-processing of words that are spatially adjacent to a fixated word and of previously read nonadjacent words. Two recently developed models of oculomotor control, that are predicated on substantially different selection assumptions, are used to formulate discriminating predictions for the selection of spatially adjacent (parafoveally visible) words; one of the models also provides working hypotheses for the selection of previously read words. Extensions of an established eye-movement-contingent display change paradigm are used to manipulate the temporal and spatial availability of linguistic information to the right and left of a selected target word upon its fixation and to control the allocation of attention during a fixation. A novel paradigm, involving the eyemovement-contingent presentation of spoken words, is used to elicit long-range eye movements to previously read words. Effects of these manipulations on the temporal and spatial pattern of ensuing eye movements are then used to delineate the nature and coordination of the two types of selection. Results of the proposed work should continue to advance extant theoretical conceptions of eye movement control during skilled reading, and it may advance our understanding of some reading disabilities that are related to poor overt and covert selection. It should also have ramifications beyond the domain of reading, as coordination of covert and overt selection may be part and parcel of effective visual selection in general.
|
0.958 |
2000 — 2002 |
Connine, Cynthia Inhoff, Albrecht Liu, Weimin (co-PI) [⬀] |
N/AActivity Code Description: No activity code was retrieved: click on the grant title for more information |
The Nature and Function of Sound Codes During Sentence Reading
The meaning of a word is independent of the sensory origin of the language signal, and comprehension scores for spoken and visual text presentations are nearly identical in college-age readers. The current research examines one specific hypothesis, which we refer to as the universal access hypothesis, according to which a modality-independent sound code is used to retrieve a word's meaning. Our work differs from the vast majority of prior work in this area in content and methodology. The research examines whether a relatively abstract phonemic code is used to retrieve word meaning, which could be obtained by some type of grapheme-to-phoneme conversion process, or whether an acoustically detailed speech-based phonetic code is used. A novel method is used to present a spoken word to the reader while a specific visual target word is viewed. Phonemic and phonetic properties of the spoken word are manipulated and the effects of these manipulations on eye movements during target viewing are recorded. According to our universal access hypothesis, phonetic and phonemic sound properties of the spoken word should influence visual target recognition during reading, in so far as they have been shown to influence spoken word recognition. Results from the proposed work could provide insight into the source of reading impairments which are often accompanied by inadequate phonemic or phonetic skills.
|
0.958 |