Ronald A. Cohen, Ph.D. - US grants
Affiliations: | 1993-2012 | Psychiatry | Brown University, Alpert Medical School |
Area:
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The funding information displayed below comes from the NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools and the NSF Award Database.The grant data on this page is limited to grants awarded in the United States and is thus partial. It can nonetheless be used to understand how funding patterns influence mentorship networks and vice-versa, which has deep implications on how research is done.
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High-probability grants
According to our matching algorithm, Ronald A. Cohen is the likely recipient of the following grants.| Years | Recipients | Code | Title / Keywords | Matching score |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 — 2019 | Cohen, Ronald A | P01Activity Code Description: For the support of a broadly based, multidisciplinary, often long-term research program which has a specific major objective or a basic theme. A program project generally involves the organized efforts of relatively large groups, members of which are conducting research projects designed to elucidate the various aspects or components of this objective. Each research project is usually under the leadership of an established investigator. The grant can provide support for certain basic resources used by these groups in the program, including clinical components, the sharing of which facilitates the total research effort. A program project is directed toward a range of problems having a central research focus, in contrast to the usually narrower thrust of the traditional research project. Each project supported through this mechanism should contribute or be directly related to the common theme of the total research effort. These scientifically meritorious projects should demonstrate an essential element of unity and interdependence, i.e., a system of research activities and projects directed toward a well-defined research program goal. |
Alcohol and Hiv-Associated Brain Dysfunction @ Brown University Heavy alcohol (ETOH) use affects both liver and brain. Its effects on brain may be aggravated by associated hepatic and metabolic disturbances, including insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. The proposed study will investigate effects of ETOH consumption on HIV-associated brain dysfunction. The study incorporates state-of-the-art brain imaging methods along with clinical and laboratory methods to assess interactive effects of HIV infection, ETOH consumption, and hepatic dysfunction. We will examine how neurocognitive outcome and structural brain changes vary as a function of ETOH consumption, the extent of specific metabolic disturbances, and HIV-associated factors. A longitudinal experimental design will be employed with statistical modeling methods to characterize changes over time. Recent data from our laboratory point to alcohol-associated effects of HIV in the brain, including evidence that people who consume large quantities of ETOH have greater deficits at baseline and greater change over time than non users. Furthermore, our data suggest that basal ganglia, hippocampal, and cortical volume loss occur at an accelerated rate as a function of the interaction of these factors. Diffusion tensor imagining (DTI) data provide evidence of reduced structural integrity of subcortical systems that appears to be evident prior to development of structural changes on traditional MRI. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) findings point to both increased brain metabolite levels reflecting inflammatory processes and also neuronal damage, particularly in the basal ganglia, but also in white matter and cortical areas. These abnormalities in the brain have been linked to both HIV and ETOH, though how these two factors interact over time to cause changes in brain structure and function is not well understood. The proposed study will compare HIV-infected and seronegative control patients who have been stratified into three groups based oh their ETOH use (Heavy ETOH use, moderate ETOH use, no-ETOH) who are assessed over 36 months on neurocognitive, neuroimaging, and laboratory measures. All will undergo laboratory testing including assessment of CD4, viral load, activated macrophages from plasma and CSF, and measures of liver, insulin, and metabolic function. Neuroimaging, laboratory, and neurocognitive assessment will be conducted at baseline, 12 and 36 months. Results will inform us about the interaction of ETOH and HIV in the brain, and provide metrics for assessing structural and metabolic brain changes, potentially extending the clinical application ofthese methods for brain disorders that may lead to neurodiagnostic advances for patients with HIV, including methods for dissociating effects of HIV from other co-morbid factors, most notably ETOH consumption and liver disease. |
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| 2014 — 2018 | Cohen, Ronald A | R01Activity Code Description: To support a discrete, specified, circumscribed project to be performed by the named investigator(s) in an area representing his or her specific interest and competencies. |
Obesity and Type-2 Diabetes: Bariatric Surgery Effects On Brain Function @ University of Florida DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The proposed study will delineate mechanism underlying the effects of chronic obesity on brain functioning and determine if cognitive benefits of bariatric surgery and weight loss contribute to enhanced cerebral metabolic or hemodynamic function assessed using multimodal neuroimaging methods. The contribution of post-surgical improvements in diabetes-associated insulin-glucose disturbances will be tested. Obesity has reached epidemic proportions and is now a major public health problem, contributing to various comorbid medical conditions, including brain disturbances. There is increasing evidence that chronic obesity may adversely affect the brain, even in the absence of comorbid diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and stroke. We have previously shown that elevated body mass index (BMI) is associated with reduced cognitive function. Increasingly, bariatric surgery is being used as a treatment for chronic morbid obesity. Besides causing dramatic weight loss in many patients, bariatric surgery alters systemic metabolic and vascular function, including altering insulin and glucose metabolism. Our initial findings from a multicenter longitudinal study of bariatric surgery indicated that people experience improvements in neurocognitive functioning, including memory recall, by 12 weeks post-surgery. These benefits continue over 12 months and are related not only to the amount of weight lost, but also changes in underlying risk factors, such as improved metabolic function, and remission of type-2 diabetes Neuroimaging provides a potentially powerful biomarker of alterations in brain structure and function (e.g., FMRI), as well as cerebral pathophysiology. To date no published studies have examined neuronal, metabolic and vascular brain changes following bariatric surgery as proposed in this study. Our preliminary neuroimaging data indicates enhanced functional brain response on FMRI, increased regional cerebral blood flow on arterial spin labeling (ASL), and changes in cerebral metabolite levels on magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). We hypothesize that: 1) Cerebral metabolic and hemodynamic disturbances linked to obesity adversely affect brain function (evident from cognitive testing and FMRI); 2) Weight loss and associated metabolic changes post-bariatric surgery improve brain functions; and 3) Enhanced neurocognitive and neuronal function (FMRI) are due to improved cerebral metabolic (MRS) and vascular (ASL) function. Remission of diabetes is expected to be one factor accounting for these effects, though this effect will also be tied to improved cerebral (MRS) and systemic (e.g., serum cytokines) metabolic health and cerebral perfusion (ASL). A prospective longitudinal cohort matched design will be used to assess changes in these neuroimaging indices, pre- and post-surgery and relative non-surgical obese controls. The groups will have equal proportions of diabetics and non-diabetics with obesity, enabling us to test its influence. By examining obesity and weight loss in the context of bariatric surgery, this study capitalizes on a powerful natural experimental manipulation that can provide a unique window into the effects of obesity and weight loss on the brain. |
0.948 |
| 2016 — 2020 | Cohen, Ronald A Marsiske, Michael (co-PI) [⬀] Woods, Adam J. [⬀] |
R01Activity Code Description: To support a discrete, specified, circumscribed project to be performed by the named investigator(s) in an area representing his or her specific interest and competencies. |
Augmenting Cognitive Training in Older Adults - the Act Grant @ University of Florida ABSTRACT: This randomized clinical trial will test whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of frontal cortices enhances neurocognitive and functional outcomes achieved from cognitive training in older adults experiencing age-related cognitive decline. Change in well-validated measures of neurocognitive function and everyday abilities will serve as outcome measures. Functional and structural neuroimaging biomarkers of neural plasticity and learning (fMRI, GABA MRS, etc.) will measure intervention-associated alterations in specific brain regions impacted by cognitive aging. tDCS is a noninvasive brain stimulation method that facilitates neural plasticity and learning. Accordingly, when used as an adjunctive intervention, tDCS may augment cognitive training effects. This study will leverage existing multisite clinical trial infrastructure at McKnight Brain Institutes located in two of the states with the largest representation of older adults in the United States: University of Florida, University of Miami, and University of Arizona. Adults over the age of 65 represent the fastest growing group in the US population. As such, age-related cognitive decline represents a major concern for public health. Recent research suggests that cognitive training in older adults can improve cognitive performance, with effects lasting up to 10 years. However, effects are typically limited to the tasks trained, with little transfer to other cognitive abilities or everyday skills. Effects may also be reduced in people with Alzheimer's disease risk factors. A two-phase multisite randomized clinical trial will examine the individual and combined impact of pairing cognitive training with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in older adults experiencing age-related cognitive decline (n = 360; 120 per site). Participants will consist of elderly men and women 65-90 years of age with evidence of age-related cognitive decline, but not MCI or Alzheimer's disease (MoCA?25). We will compare changes in cognitive and brain function resulting from CT and CT combined with tDCS using a comprehensive neurocognitive, clinical, and multimodal neuroimaging assessment of brain structure, function, and metabolic state. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) will be used to assess brain response during working memory, attention, and memory encoding; the active cognitive abilities trained by CT. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) will assess markers of neural plasticity, GABA concentrations, and cerebral metabolism. We hypothesize that: 1) tDCS will enhance neurocognitive function, brain function, and functional outcomes from CT; 2) Effects of tDCS on CT will be maintained up to 12 months following training, and 3) Neuroimaging biomarkers of cerebral metabolism, neural plasticity (GABA concentrations) and functional brain response (fMRI) during resting vs. active cognitive tasks will predict individual response to tDCS, with certain Alzheimer's risk factors (e.g., APOE4 genotype, family history of Alzheimer's disease) predicting poorer cognitive and functional outcome. To date, no studies have comprehensively examined combined CT and tDCS intervention in the elderly. This study will provide definitive insight into the value of combating cognitive decline in a rapidly aging US population using tDCS with cognitive training. |
0.948 |
| 2016 — 2021 | Cohen, Ronald A Cook, Robert L [⬀] |
U01Activity Code Description: To support a discrete, specified, circumscribed project to be performed by the named investigator(s) in an area representing his or her specific interest and competencies. |
@ University of Florida This proposed U01 study will build on our past findings to determine the extent to which marked reductions in alcohol consumption over 4-weeks via contingency management (CM) improves cognitive performance, brain functions and pathophysiology, and HIV-associated health outcomes. HIV-associated neurocognitive dysfunction continues even with antiretroviral treatment, and even mild cognitive impairment is associated with detrimental health outcomes in older HIV+ adults. Alcohol consumption may affect the brain directly or indirectly via liver toxicity and systemic inflammation. Our past findings indicate that current heavy alcohol use is more strongly associated with cognitive/brain dysfunction among HIV+ adults than lifetime consumption, suggesting that these effects may be reversible with reductions in drinking. Towards this objective, we propose to enroll 180 HIV+ adults with heavy drinking, and then use CM with financial incentives and a wearable alcohol biosensor to maximally reduce alcohol consumption from baseline (T1) to 4-weeks later (T2). We will then conduct a motivational interview to determine perceived benefits and obstacles to drinking reduction, and conduct a final assessment 1 year later (T3), at which point persons may or may not have resumed heavy drinking. We will conduct state-of-the-art neuroimaging, cognitive, and behavioral assessments at each timepoint, and then continue to track long-term drinking and HIV outcomes in our companion Cohort (U24). The Specific Aims of this proposal are: 1) to demonstrate improved cognitive performance and brain function (fMRI) after 4-weeks of CM-induced alcohol reduction among HIV+ adults, followed by worsening of these effects 1-year later if heavy drinking resumes; 2) to demonstrate that cerebral metabolic (MRS) and neuroinflammatory (DTI-free water) markers will also improve with CM-induced alcohol reduction and worsen if drinking resumes post-CM; and 3) Determine whether perceived benefits and challenges to drinking reduction identified during motivational interviewing (MI) predict drinking reductions or relapse one-year post-CM. We will also determine whether changes in cerebral pathophysiology (MRS, DTI-FW) correspond with changes in cognition, brain function (fMRI) and serum inflammatory and liver biomarkers. In addition, we will determine which neuroimaging and baseline clinical factors are associated with long-term drinking and clinical outcomes (e.g. HIV viral suppression, liver comorbidities). In the context of this study, CM and MI are being employed as an experimental manipulation and data collection opportunity, respectively, rather than as clinical interventions per se. The A-B-A design will enable us to clearly identify whether alcohol effects on cognition and the brain are reversible, and to identify optimal strategies to promote short-term and long-term alcohol reduction in HIV+ adults. This U01 project is closely linked to the Administrative U24 (SHARC), which supports the Florida Cohort that is the source of potential participants for this study, and our Behavioral Science and Biostatistics Core (U24) that will help implement and monitor the CM, MI, and alcohol biosensor procedures. |
0.948 |
| 2020 | Cohen, Ronald A Marsiske, Michael (co-PI) [⬀] Woods, Adam J. [⬀] |
R01Activity Code Description: To support a discrete, specified, circumscribed project to be performed by the named investigator(s) in an area representing his or her specific interest and competencies. |
Augmenting Cognitive Training in Older Adults: Covid Admin Supplement @ University of Florida ABSTRACT: This randomized clinical trial will test whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of frontal cortices enhances neurocognitive and functional outcomes achieved from cognitive training in older adults experiencing age-related cognitive decline. Change in well-validated measures of neurocognitive function and everyday abilities will serve as outcome measures. Functional and structural neuroimaging biomarkers of neural plasticity and learning (fMRI, GABA MRS, etc.) will measure intervention-associated alterations in specific brain regions impacted by cognitive aging. tDCS is a noninvasive brain stimulation method that facilitates neural plasticity and learning. Accordingly, when used as an adjunctive intervention, tDCS may augment cognitive training effects. This study will leverage existing multisite clinical trial infrastructure at McKnight Brain Institutes located in two of the states with the largest representation of older adults in the United States: University of Florida, University of Miami, and University of Arizona. Adults over the age of 65 represent the fastest growing group in the US population. As such, age-related cognitive decline represents a major concern for public health. Recent research suggests that cognitive training in older adults can improve cognitive performance, with effects lasting up to 10 years. However, effects are typically limited to the tasks trained, with little transfer to other cognitive abilities or everyday skills. Effects may also be reduced in people with Alzheimer?s disease risk factors. A two-phase multisite randomized clinical trial will examine the individual and combined impact of pairing cognitive training with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in older adults experiencing age-related cognitive decline (n = 360; 120 per site). Participants will consist of elderly men and women 65-90 years of age with evidence of age-related cognitive decline, but not MCI or Alzheimer?s disease (MoCA?25). We will compare changes in cognitive and brain function resulting from CT and CT combined with tDCS using a comprehensive neurocognitive, clinical, and multimodal neuroimaging assessment of brain structure, function, and metabolic state. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) will be used to assess brain response during working memory, attention, and memory encoding; the active cognitive abilities trained by CT. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) will assess markers of neural plasticity, GABA concentrations, and cerebral metabolism. We hypothesize that: 1) tDCS will enhance neurocognitive function, brain function, and functional outcomes from CT; 2) Effects of tDCS on CT will be maintained up to 12 months following training, and 3) Neuroimaging biomarkers of cerebral metabolism, neural plasticity (GABA concentrations) and functional brain response (fMRI) during resting vs. active cognitive tasks will predict individual response to tDCS, with certain Alzheimer?s risk factors (e.g., APOE4 genotype, family history of Alzheimer?s disease) predicting poorer cognitive and functional outcome. To date, no studies have comprehensively examined combined CT and tDCS intervention in the elderly. This study will provide definitive insight into the value of combating cognitive decline in a rapidly aging US population using tDCS with cognitive training. |
0.948 |
| 2020 — 2021 | Barve, Shirish S [⬀] Cohen, Ronald A Cook, Robert L (co-PI) [⬀] |
R01Activity Code Description: To support a discrete, specified, circumscribed project to be performed by the named investigator(s) in an area representing his or her specific interest and competencies. |
Role of Gut Microbial Dysbiosis and Aging On Hiv-Associated Neurocognitive and Brain Dysfunction @ University of Louisville Although AIDS-defining illnesses have decreased, the prevalence of HIV-associated non-AIDS conditions such as HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND) remains high and is estimated to be over 50%, particularly in aging individuals with long-standing HIV infection. However, the pathophysiology of HAND in aging HIV+ adults remains unresolved. Current evidence and our preliminary data suggest that interactions of altered gut microbiome (dysbiosis), gut-derived microbial translocation, and systemic inflammation contribute to neurodegenerative processes. It is becoming increasingly evident that in both HIV-1 infection and aging, alterations in gut microbiome (dysbiosis) and ensuing increase in intestinal permeability and microbial translocation (MT) are major pathogenic drivers of local and systemic inflammation. Importantly, aging- associated microbiota changes are shown to be connected to immunosenescence and inflammaging. Preclinical/clinical studies using bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing, indicate that microbial dysbiosis associated with HIV-1 infection or aging has several common pathogenic features. However, these studies were largely hypothesis-generating with limited sample sizes, and were not adequately powered to address microbiome endpoints after correction for multiple testing, and did not reveal the functional potential of the microbiota (pathogenic or beneficial), or yield bacterial resolution to species or strain level. The current proposal will address these limitations by using an adequately powered longitudinal study and will conduct 16S rRNA gene and Whole Genome Shotgun (WGS) metagenomic sequencing that will determine bacterial composition and diversity, provide identification at the species and strain level, and enable the functional characterization of the bacterial genes. Our overarching hypothesis is that the interactive effects of aging and HIV-1 infection at the level of gut dysbiosis and permeability, and ensuing local and systemic inflammation play a major pathogenic role in driving HIV infection and aging-associated neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction. To test these hypotheses, we will leverage and utilize HIV+ and healthy aging populations from ongoing NIH-sponsored longitudinal studies at the Universities of Louisville (UofL) and Florida (UF) with the following specific aims: Aim 1: To assess longitudinal qualitative and quantitative changes in the gut microbiome (dysbiosis) in older persons living with HIV-1 infection. Aim 2: To determine the impact of HIV-1 infection and age associated gut dysbiosis on (A) intestinal permeability and microbial translocation (MT), and resultant peripheral endotoxemia, and inflammation; and (B) multimodal MRI/MRS measures of neuroinflammation and cerebral metabolic disturbance. Aim 3: To investigate the impact of gut dysbiosis and peripheral and neuroinflammation, and cerebral metabolic disturbance on cognitive dysfunction and functional brain abnormalities (FMRI) relative to age and HIV status. |
0.939 |
| 2021 | Cohen, Ronald A Franceschini, Maria Angela Roberts, Susan B |
R56Activity Code Description: To provide limited interim research support based on the merit of a pending R01 application while applicant gathers additional data to revise a new or competing renewal application. This grant will underwrite highly meritorious applications that if given the opportunity to revise their application could meet IC recommended standards and would be missed opportunities if not funded. Interim funded ends when the applicant succeeds in obtaining an R01 or other competing award built on the R56 grant. These awards are not renewable. |
@ Tufts University Boston Older adults with overweight and obesity are vulnerable cognitive decline, and have twice the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's Disease compared to adults without overweight or obesity. However, research on nutritional interventions to support cognitive health has been fragmented, and largely restricted to testing individual nutrition factors or generally healthy dietary patterns. The overarching goal of this proposal, responding to PAR-18-877, is to identify effective nutrition-based interventions to improve cognitive and brain functioning in older adults with overweight and obesity. Our central hypothesis is that age-sensitive cognitive functions and cerebral blood flow (CBF, an important biomarker of brain health) can be significantly increased in older adults with overweight or obesity by consumption of a novel multiple-component nutrition supplement (MCNS) used alone or in combination with a behavioral weight loss (WL) intervention. The scientific premise is that older adults with overweight and obesity have pathophysiological changes in the brain secondary to excess weight that damage brain structure and function, and as a result are particularly susceptible to nutritional deficiencies and oxidative stress; thus, optimal nutritional interventions for cognitive health should provide a comprehensive panel of nutrients and other food constituents to support structural and functional remodeling while reducing inflammation and oxidative damage. The project is proposed by a multidisciplinary team with expertise in all aspects of the research. The conceptual basis of the work is supported by our recent compelling data demonstrating effectiveness of a MCNS for improving executive function and cerebral blood flow in young children, which is a landmark advance because less comprehensive supplement formulations have been found to be ineffective. A 1-year randomized placebo-controlled trial will be conducted in 268 older adults with overweight and obesity, low intakes of target nutrients, and normal cognition or mild cognitive impairment. A 2x2 factorial design will randomize participants to: i) a MCNS supplement containing flavanols including epicatechin and catechin, essential micronutrients and omega-3 fatty acids, or to an isocaloric placebo; and b) to receive a behavioral WL intervention or an attentional Control. The primary outcome will be change in a composite cognitive z-score of well-established standardized scores on 5 neuropsychological tests. We hypothesize improved cognitive function in participants randomized to MCNS, WL and MCNS+WL compared to Controls, with greatest mean benefits in MCNS+WL participants. The primary analysis is intention-to-treat. Linear mixed-effects models will be applied to assess the effects of MCNS, WL, and MCNS+WL vs. Control and MCNS+WL vs. MCNS and WL alone. Additional cognitive tests will be drawn for other reliable sources, and microvascular cerebral blood flow and macrovascular cerebral blood flow velocity will be measured using diffuse correlation spectroscopy and transcranial Doppler ultrasound. This research will identify practical nutrition-based interventions for improving cognitive health in vulnerable older adults to support transformational advances in public health initiatives. |
0.942 |
| 2021 | Cohen, Ronald A Cook, Robert L [⬀] |
P01Activity Code Description: For the support of a broadly based, multidisciplinary, often long-term research program which has a specific major objective or a basic theme. A program project generally involves the organized efforts of relatively large groups, members of which are conducting research projects designed to elucidate the various aspects or components of this objective. Each research project is usually under the leadership of an established investigator. The grant can provide support for certain basic resources used by these groups in the program, including clinical components, the sharing of which facilitates the total research effort. A program project is directed toward a range of problems having a central research focus, in contrast to the usually narrower thrust of the traditional research project. Each project supported through this mechanism should contribute or be directly related to the common theme of the total research effort. These scientifically meritorious projects should demonstrate an essential element of unity and interdependence, i.e., a system of research activities and projects directed toward a well-defined research program goal. |
@ University of Florida As persons living with HIV (PLWH) live longer, approximately 50% will experience HIV-related cognitive dysfunction, which may affect daily activities, contribute to morbidity and mortality, and increase the likelihood of HIV transmission. Alcohol consumption among PLWH may further exacerbate long-term cognitive dysfunction, with the presumed mechanism involving the gut microbiome, microbial translocation, systemic inflammation, and ultimately neuroinflammation. However, there are many gaps in our understanding regarding the specific pathophysiological mechanisms, and a need to offer interventions that are effective and acceptable in helping PLWH to reduce drinking or to protect them against alcohol-related harm. The overarching goal of this P01 is to identify and ultimately implement new/improved, targeted interventions that will improve outcomes related to cognitive and brain dysfunction in persons with HIV who drink alcohol. The proposed P01 activity will extend our current line of research that forms the core of the Southern HIV & Alcohol Research Consortium (SHARC). The specific aims of this P01 are to: 1) improve our understanding of the specific mechanisms that connect the gut microbiome to cognitive and brain health outcomes in persons with HIV; 2) evaluate interventions that are intended to reduce the impact of alcohol on brain and cognitive health in persons with HIV; and 3) connect and extend the research activity from this P01 with the training programs and community engagement activity in the SHARC. Our P01 will utilize two cores that provide infrastructure to two Research Components (RC1, RC2). The two RC will together enroll 200 PLWH with at-risk drinking into clinical trials that share common timepoints and outcome assessments. RC1 will compare two strategies to extend contingency management to 60 days, using breathalyzers and wrist-worn biosensors to monitor drinking. RC2 uses a hybrid trial design to evaluate two biomedical interventions targeting the gut-brain axis. One intervention is a wearable, transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulator that is hypothesized to stimulate the autonomic nervous system, resulting in decreased inflammation and improved cognition. The other intervention is a probiotic supplement intended to improve the gut microbiome in persons with HIV and alcohol consumption. All participants in RC2, and a subset of those in RC1 will have neuroimaging at two timepoints. The Data Science Core will provide data management and analytical support, and will analyze existing data and the data collected from this P01 using a machine learning and AI approach to identify factors associated with intervention success or failure. The Administrative Core will provide scientific leadership, clinical research and recruitment infrastructure, and connection to the outstanding training programs, development opportunities, and community engagement provided by the SHARC. Our community engagement with diverse populations, and collection of acceptability data from clinical trial participants, will facilitate our readiness to scale up the most promising interventions and move towards implementation in the next phase of our research. |
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