Roland Griffiths - Publications

Affiliations: 
School of Medicine Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 
Area:
Behavioral Pharmacology
Website:
http://www.bpru.org/bio/griffiths.html

249 high-probability publications. We are testing a new system for linking publications to authors. You can help! If you notice any inaccuracies, please sign in and mark papers as correct or incorrect matches. If you identify any major omissions or other inaccuracies in the publication list, please let us know.

Year Citation  Score
2024 Levin AW, Lancelotta R, Sepeda ND, Gukasyan N, Nayak S, Wagener TL, Barrett FS, Griffiths RR, Davis AK. The therapeutic alliance between study participants and intervention facilitators is associated with acute effects and clinical outcomes in a psilocybin-assisted therapy trial for major depressive disorder. Plos One. 19: e0300501. PMID 38483940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300501  0.732
2023 Mathai DS, Hilbert S, Sepeda ND, Strickland JC, Griffiths RR, Garcia-Romeu A. Double-Blind Comparison of the Two Hallucinogens Dextromethorphan and Psilocybin: Experience-Dependent and Enduring Psychological Effects in Healthy Volunteers. Psychedelic Medicine (New Rochelle, N.Y.). 1: 241-252. PMID 38152462 DOI: 10.1089/psymed.2023.0035  0.759
2023 Doss MK, Samaha J, Barrett FS, Griffiths RR, de Wit H, Gallo DA, Koen JD. Unique effects of sedatives, dissociatives, psychedelics, stimulants, and cannabinoids on episodic memory: A review and reanalysis of acute drug effects on recollection, familiarity, and metamemory. Psychological Review. PMID 38095937 DOI: 10.1037/rev0000455  0.782
2023 Nayak SM, Jackson H, Sepeda ND, Mathai DS, So S, Yaffe A, Zaki H, Brasher TJ, Lowe MX, Jolly DRP, Barrett FS, Griffiths RR, Strickland JC, Johnson MW, Jackson H, et al. Naturalistic psilocybin use is associated with persisting improvements in mental health and wellbeing: results from a prospective, longitudinal survey. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 14: 1199642. PMID 37795509 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1199642  0.766
2023 Urrutia J, Anderson BT, Belouin SJ, Berger A, Griffiths RR, Grob CS, Henningfield JE, Labate BC, Maier LJ, Maternowska MC, Weichold F, Yaden DB, Magar V. Psychedelic Science, Contemplative Practices, and Indigenous and Other Traditional Knowledge Systems: Towards Integrative Community-Based Approaches in Global Health. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 1-16. PMID 37747281 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2023.2258367  0.55
2023 Gaddis A, Lidstone DE, Nebel MB, Griffiths RR, Mostofsky SH, Mejia AF, Barrett FS. Corrigendum to 'Psilocybin induces spatially constrained alterations in thalamic functional organizaton and connectivity': Neuroimage 2022 Oct 15;260:119434. Neuroimage. 274: 120130. PMID 37148779 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120130  0.706
2022 Barrett FS, Zhou Y, Carbonaro TM, Roberts JM, Smith GS, Griffiths RR, Wong DF. Human Cortical Serotonin 2A Receptor Occupancy by Psilocybin Measured Using [C]MDL 100,907 Dynamic PET and a Resting-State fMRI-Based Brain Parcellation. Frontiers in Neuroergonomics. 2: 784576. PMID 38235248 DOI: 10.3389/fnrgo.2021.784576  0.77
2022 Nikolaidis A, Lancelotta R, Gukasyan N, Griffiths RR, Barrett FS, Davis AK. Subtypes of the psychedelic experience have reproducible and predictable effects on depression and anxiety symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders. 324: 239-249. PMID 36584715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.042  0.739
2022 Kiluk BD, Kleykamp BA, Comer SD, Griffiths RR, Huhn AS, Johnson MW, Kampman KM, Pravetoni M, Preston KL, Vandrey R, Bergeria CL, Bogenschutz MP, Brown RT, Dunn KE, Dworkin RH, et al. Clinical Trial Design Challenges and Opportunities for Emerging Treatments for Opioid Use Disorder: A Review. Jama Psychiatry. PMID 36449315 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.4020  0.779
2022 Sweeney MM, Nayak S, Hurwitz ES, Mitchell LN, Swift TC, Griffiths RR. Comparison of psychedelic and near-death or other non-ordinary experiences in changing attitudes about death and dying. Plos One. 17: e0271926. PMID 36001643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271926  0.71
2022 Henningfield JE, Coe MA, Griffiths RR, Belouin SJ, Berger A, Coker AR, Comer SD, Heal DJ, Hendricks PS, Nichols CD, Sapienza F, Vocci FJ, Zia FZ. Psychedelic drug abuse potential assessment research for new drug applications and Controlled Substances Act scheduling. Neuropharmacology. 109220. PMID 35987353 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109220  0.621
2022 Gaddis A, Lidstone DE, Nebel MB, Griffiths R, Mostofsky SH, Mejia A, Barrett F. PSILOCYBIN INDUCES SPATIALLY CONSTRAINED ALTERATIONS IN THALAMIC FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATON AND CONNECTIVITY. Neuroimage. 119434. PMID 35792293 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119434  0.732
2022 Gukasyan N, Davis AK, Barrett FS, Cosimano MP, Sepeda ND, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR. Efficacy and safety of psilocybin-assisted treatment for major depressive disorder: Prospective 12-month follow-up. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 36: 151-158. PMID 35166158 DOI: 10.1177/02698811211073759  0.758
2021 Doss MK, Madden MB, Gaddis A, Nebel MB, Griffiths RR, Mathur BN, Barrett FS. Models of psychedelic drug action: modulation of cortical-subcortical circuits. Brain : a Journal of Neurology. PMID 34897383 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab406  0.779
2021 Doss MK, Považan M, Rosenberg MD, Sepeda ND, Davis AK, Finan PH, Smith GS, Pekar JJ, Barker PB, Griffiths RR, Barrett FS. Psilocybin therapy increases cognitive and neural flexibility in patients with major depressive disorder. Translational Psychiatry. 11: 574. PMID 34750350 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01706-y  0.771
2021 Bobe JR, Jutras BL, Horn EJ, Embers ME, Bailey A, Moritz RL, Zhang Y, Soloski MJ, Ostfeld RS, Marconi RT, Aucott J, Ma'ayan A, Keesing F, Lewis K, Ben Mamoun C, ... ... Griffiths RR, et al. Recent Progress in Lyme Disease and Remaining Challenges. Frontiers in Medicine. 8: 666554. PMID 34485323 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.666554  0.74
2021 Nayak SM, Gukasyan N, Barrett FS, Erowid E, Erowid F, Griffiths RR. Classic Psychedelic Coadministration with Lithium, but Not Lamotrigine, is Associated with Seizures: An Analysis of Online Psychedelic Experience Reports. Pharmacopsychiatry. PMID 34348413 DOI: 10.1055/a-1524-2794  0.726
2021 Yaden DB, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR, Doss M, Garcia-Romeu A, Nayak S, Gukasayan N, Mathur BN, Barrett FS. Psychedelics and Consciousness: Distinctions, Demarcations, and Opportunities. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. PMID 33987652 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyab026  0.768
2021 Garcia-Romeu A, Barrett FS, Carbonaro TM, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR. Optimal dosing for psilocybin pharmacotherapy: Considering weight-adjusted and fixed dosing approaches. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 269881121991822. PMID 33611977 DOI: 10.1177/0269881121991822  0.786
2021 Davis AK, Barrett FS, So S, Gukasyan N, Swift TC, Griffiths RR. Development of the Psychological Insight Questionnaire among a sample of people who have consumed psilocybin or LSD. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 269881120967878. PMID 33427007 DOI: 10.1177/0269881120967878  0.737
2020 Davis AK, Barrett FS, May DG, Cosimano MP, Sepeda ND, Johnson MW, Finan PH, Griffiths RR. Effects of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy on Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Jama Psychiatry. PMID 33146667 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285  0.762
2020 Doss MK, May DG, Johnson MW, Clifton JM, Hedrick SL, Prisinzano TE, Griffiths RR, Barrett FS. The Acute Effects of the Atypical Dissociative Hallucinogen Salvinorin A on Functional Connectivity in the Human Brain. Scientific Reports. 10: 16392. PMID 33009457 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73216-8  0.769
2020 Davis AK, Barrett FS, Griffiths RR. Psychological flexibility mediates the relations between acute psychedelic effects and subjective decreases in depression and anxiety. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science. 15: 39-45. PMID 32864325 DOI: 10.1016/J.Jcbs.2019.11.004  0.748
2020 Carbonaro TM, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR. Subjective features of the psilocybin experience that may account for its self-administration by humans: a double-blind comparison of psilocybin and dextromethorphan. Psychopharmacology. PMID 32500212 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05533-9  0.777
2020 Barrett FS, Krimmel SR, Griffiths R, Seminowicz DA, Mathur BN. Psilocybin acutely alters the functional connectivity of the claustrum with brain networks that support perception, memory, and attention. Neuroimage. 116980. PMID 32454209 DOI: 10.1016/J.Neuroimage.2020.116980  0.743
2020 Davis AK, Clifton JM, Weaver EG, Hurwitz ES, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR. Survey of entity encounter experiences occasioned by inhaled -dimethyltryptamine: Phenomenology, interpretation, and enduring effects. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 269881120916143. PMID 32345112 DOI: 10.1177/0269881120916143  0.427
2020 Sweeney MM, Weaver DC, Vincent KB, Arria AM, Griffiths RR. Prevalence and Correlates of Caffeine Use Disorder Symptoms Among a United States Sample. Journal of Caffeine and Adenosine Research. 10: 4-11. PMID 32181442 DOI: 10.1089/caff.2019.0020  0.695
2020 Barrett FS, Doss MK, Sepeda ND, Pekar JJ, Griffiths RR. Emotions and brain function are altered up to one month after a single high dose of psilocybin. Scientific Reports. 10: 2214. PMID 32042038 DOI: 10.1038/S41598-020-59282-Y  0.781
2020 Garcia-Romeu A, Cox DJ, Smith KE, Dunn KE, Griffiths RR. Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): User demographics, use patterns, and implications for the opioid epidemic. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 107849. PMID 32029298 DOI: 10.1016/J.Drugalcdep.2020.107849  0.778
2019 Garcia-Romeu A, Davis AK, Erowid E, Erowid F, Griffiths RR, Johnson MW. Persisting Reductions in Cannabis, Opioid, and Stimulant Misuse After Naturalistic Psychedelic Use: An Online Survey. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 10: 955. PMID 32038317 DOI: 10.3389/Fpsyt.2019.00955  0.776
2019 Garcia-Romeu A, Davis AK, Erowid F, Erowid E, Griffiths RR, Johnson MW. Cessation and reduction in alcohol consumption and misuse after psychedelic use. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 269881119845793. PMID 31084460 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119845793  0.779
2019 Griffiths RR, Hurwitz ES, Davis AK, Johnson MW, Jesse R. Survey of subjective "God encounter experiences": Comparisons among naturally occurring experiences and those occasioned by the classic psychedelics psilocybin, LSD, ayahuasca, or DMT. Plos One. 14: e0214377. PMID 31013281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214377  0.462
2018 Sweeney MM, Meredith SE, Juliano LM, Evatt DP, Griffiths RR. A randomized controlled trial of a manual-only treatment for reduction and cessation of problematic caffeine use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 195: 45-51. PMID 30580203 DOI: 10.1016/J.Drugalcdep.2018.10.034  0.778
2018 Johnson MW, Hendricks PS, Barrett FS, Griffiths RR. Classic Psychedelics: An integrative review of epidemiology, mystical experience, brain network function, and therapeutics. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. PMID 30521880 DOI: 10.1016/J.Pharmthera.2018.11.010  0.785
2018 Barrett FS, Carbonaro TM, Hurwitz E, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR. Double-blind comparison of the two hallucinogens psilocybin and dextromethorphan: effects on cognition. Psychopharmacology. PMID 30062577 DOI: 10.1007/S00213-018-4981-X  0.805
2018 Noorani T, Garcia-Romeu A, Swift TC, Griffiths RR, Johnson MW. Psychedelic therapy for smoking cessation: Qualitative analysis of participant accounts. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 269881118780612. PMID 29938565 DOI: 10.1177/0269881118780612  0.776
2018 Johnson MW, Griffiths RR, Hendricks PS, Henningfield JE. The abuse potential of medical psilocybin according to the 8 factors of the Controlled Substances Act. Neuropharmacology. PMID 29753748 DOI: 10.1016/J.Neuropharm.2018.05.012  0.686
2018 McKenna M, Fedota J, Garcia-Romeu A, Johnson M, Griffiths R, Stein E. T263. Psilocybin Improves Cognitive Control and Downregulates Parietal Cortex in Treatment-Seeking Smokers Biological Psychiatry. 83: S231-S232. DOI: 10.1016/J.Biopsych.2018.02.600  0.758
2017 Carbonaro TM, Johnson MW, Hurwitz E, Griffiths RR. Double-blind comparison of the two hallucinogens psilocybin and dextromethorphan: similarities and differences in subjective experiences. Psychopharmacology. PMID 29116367 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4769-4  0.769
2017 Griffiths RR, Johnson MW, Richards WA, Richards BD, Jesse R, MacLean KA, Barrett FS, Cosimano MP, Klinedinst MA. Psilocybin-occasioned mystical-type experience in combination with meditation and other spiritual practices produces enduring positive changes in psychological functioning and in trait measures of prosocial attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 269881117731279. PMID 29020861 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117731279  0.803
2017 Barrett FS, Robbins H, Smooke D, Brown JL, Griffiths RR. Qualitative and Quantitative Features of Music Reported to Support Peak Mystical Experiences during Psychedelic Therapy Sessions. Frontiers in Psychology. 8: 1238. PMID 28790944 DOI: 10.3389/Fpsyg.2017.01238  0.756
2017 Barrett FS, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR. Neuroticism is associated with challenging experiences with psilocybin mushrooms. Personality and Individual Differences. 117: 155-160. PMID 28781400 DOI: 10.1016/J.Paid.2017.06.004  0.771
2017 Johnson MW, Griffiths RR. Potential Therapeutic Effects of Psilocybin. Neurotherapeutics : the Journal of the American Society For Experimental Neurotherapeutics. PMID 28585222 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-017-0542-y  0.48
2017 Barrett FS, Griffiths RR. Classic Hallucinogens and Mystical Experiences: Phenomenology and Neural Correlates. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences. PMID 28401522 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2017_474  0.765
2017 Barrett FS, Griffiths RR. The factor structure of the Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ): Reply to Bouso et al., 2016. Human Psychopharmacology. 32. PMID 28120488 DOI: 10.1002/Hup.2564  0.706
2017 Sweeney MM, Meredith SE, Evatt DP, Griffiths RR. Effects of caffeine on alcohol reinforcement: beverage choice, self-administration, and subjective ratings. Psychopharmacology. PMID 28108773 DOI: 10.1007/S00213-017-4528-6  0.773
2017 Johnson MW, Garcia-Romeu A, Johnson PS, Griffiths RR. An online survey of tobacco smoking cessation associated with naturalistic psychedelic use. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 269881116684335. PMID 28095732 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116684335  0.777
2017 Garcia-Romeu A, Griffiths RR, Johnson MW. Psychedelic-associated addiction remission: An online survey Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 171: e69. DOI: 10.1016/J.Drugalcdep.2016.08.199  0.744
2017 Carbonaro TM, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR. Comparison of anomalous experiences after ingesting psilocybin mushrooms in research and non-research settings Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 171: e34. DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.107  0.752
2017 Barrett FS, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR. Psilocybin in long-term meditators: Effects on default mode network functional connectivity and retrospective ratings of qualitative experience Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 171: e15-e16. DOI: 10.1016/J.Drugalcdep.2016.08.058  0.756
2016 Griffiths RR, Johnson MW, Carducci MA, Umbricht A, Richards WA, Richards BD, Cosimano MP, Klinedinst MA. Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: A randomized double-blind trial. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 30: 1181-1197. PMID 27909165 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116675513  0.459
2016 Barrett FS, Bradstreet MP, Leoutsakos JS, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR. The Challenging Experience Questionnaire: Characterization of challenging experiences with psilocybin mushrooms. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). PMID 27856683 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116678781  0.778
2016 Carbonaro TM, Bradstreet MP, Barrett FS, MacLean KA, Jesse R, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR. Survey study of challenging experiences after ingesting psilocybin mushrooms: Acute and enduring positive and negative consequences. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). PMID 27578767 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116662634  0.788
2016 Johnson MW, Garcia-Romeu A, Griffiths RR. Long-term follow-up of psilocybin-facilitated smoking cessation. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 1-6. PMID 27441452 DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2016.1170135  0.787
2016 Meredith SE, Sweeney MM, Johnson PS, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR. Weekly Energy Drink Use Is Positively Associated with Delay Discounting and Risk Behavior in a Nationwide Sample of Young Adults. Journal of Caffeine Research. 6: 10-19. PMID 26989563 DOI: 10.1089/Jcr.2015.0024  0.775
2016 Johnson MW, MacLean KA, Caspers MJ, Prisinzano TE, Griffiths RR. Time course of pharmacokinetic and hormonal effects of inhaled high-dose salvinorin A in humans. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). PMID 26880225 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116629125  0.763
2016 Maqueda AE, Valle M, Addy PH, Antonijoan RM, Puntes M, Coimbra J, Ballester MR, Garrido M, González M, Claramunt J, Barker S, Lomnicka I, Waguespack M, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR, et al. Naltrexone but not ketanserin antagonizes the subjective, cardiovascular and neuroendocrine effects of salvinorin-A in humans. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology / Official Scientific Journal of the Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum (Cinp). PMID 26874330 DOI: 10.1093/Ijnp/Pyw016  0.41
2015 Evatt DP, Juliano LM, Griffiths RR. A Brief Manualized Treatment for Problematic Caffeine Use: A Randomized Control Trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. PMID 26501499 DOI: 10.1037/Ccp0000064  0.668
2015 Barrett FS, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR. Validation of the revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire in experimental sessions with psilocybin. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 29: 1182-90. PMID 26442957 DOI: 10.1177/0269881115609019  0.794
2015 Hendricks PS, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR. Psilocybin, psychological distress, and suicidality. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 29: 1041-3. PMID 26395582 DOI: 10.1177/0269881115598338  0.411
2015 Duke AN, Johnson MW, Reissig CJ, Griffiths RR. Nicotine reinforcement in never-smokers. Psychopharmacology. PMID 26345343 DOI: 10.1007/S00213-015-4053-4  0.732
2015 Maqueda AE, Valle M, Addy PH, Antonijoan RM, Puntes M, Coimbra J, Ballester MR, Garrido M, González M, Claramunt J, Barker S, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR, Riba J. Salvinorin-A induces intense dissociative effects, blocking external sensory perception and modulating interoception and sense of body ownership in humans. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology / Official Scientific Journal of the Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum (Cinp). PMID 26047623 DOI: 10.1093/Ijnp/Pyv065  0.443
2015 Reissig CJ, Harrison JA, Carter LP, Griffiths RR. Inhaled vs. oral alprazolam: subjective, behavioral and cognitive effects, and modestly increased abuse potential. Psychopharmacology. 232: 871-83. PMID 25199955 DOI: 10.1007/S00213-014-3721-0  0.805
2015 Garcia-Romeu AP, Noorani T, Griffiths RR, Johnson MW. Long-term follow-up of psilocybin-facilitated smoking cessation: Abstinence outcomes and qualitative analysis of participant accounts Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 156: e78. DOI: 10.1016/J.Drugalcdep.2015.07.1130  0.747
2015 Carbonaro TM, Klinedinst M, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR. Comparative phenomenology of psilocybin experiences in research and non-research settings Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 156: e36-e37. DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.1017  0.715
2015 Meredith SE, Evatt D, Strain EC, Griffiths RR. Caffeine increases the reinforcing effects of alcohol in some social drinkers Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 146: e38-e39. DOI: 10.1016/J.Drugalcdep.2014.09.476  0.605
2015 Garcia-Romeu AP, Griffiths RR, Johnson MW. Psychedelic-facilitated smoking cessation: An online survey Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 146: e120. DOI: 10.1016/J.Drugalcdep.2014.09.245  0.74
2015 Carbonaro TM, Barrett FS, Bradstreet MP, Johnson MW, MacLean KA, Jesse R, Griffiths RR. Survey study of challenging experiences after ingesting psilocybin mushrooms: Demographics and phenomenology Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 146: e239-e240. DOI: 10.1016/J.Drugalcdep.2014.09.118  0.77
2015 Barrett FS, Bradstreet MP, Leoutsakos JS, Johnson MW, MacLean KA, Jesse R, Griffiths RR. The challenging experience questionnaire: Characterization of acute adverse reactions to psilocybin Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 146: e218. DOI: 10.1016/J.Drugalcdep.2014.09.060  0.767
2014 Garcia-Romeu A, Griffiths RR, Johnson MW. Psilocybin-occasioned mystical experiences in the treatment of tobacco addiction. Current Drug Abuse Reviews. 7: 157-64. PMID 25563443 DOI: 10.2174/1874473708666150107121331  0.8
2014 Johnson MW, Garcia-Romeu A, Cosimano MP, Griffiths RR. Pilot study of the 5-HT2AR agonist psilocybin in the treatment of tobacco addiction. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 28: 983-92. PMID 25213996 DOI: 10.1177/0269881114548296  0.789
2014 Garcia-Romeu AP, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR. Examining the psychological mechanisms of psilocybin-assisted smoking cessation treatment: A pilot study Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 140: e66. DOI: 10.1016/J.Drugalcdep.2014.02.200  0.79
2014 Bradstreet MP, Johnson MW, MacLean KA, Griffiths RR. Characterization of challenging experiences (i.e., bad trips) after ingesting psilocybin Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 140: e18-e19. DOI: 10.1016/J.Drugalcdep.2014.02.072  0.658
2013 Meredith SE, Juliano LM, Hughes JR, Griffiths RR. Caffeine Use Disorder: A Comprehensive Review and Research Agenda. Journal of Caffeine Research. 3: 114-130. PMID 24761279 DOI: 10.1089/Jcr.2013.0016  0.786
2013 Budney AJ, Brown PC, Griffiths RR, Hughes JR, Juliano LM. Caffeine Withdrawal and Dependence: A Convenience Survey Among Addiction Professionals. Journal of Caffeine Research. 3: 67-71. PMID 24761276 DOI: 10.1089/Jcr.2013.0005  0.668
2013 Caspers MJ, Williams TD, Lovell KM, Lozama A, Butelman ER, Kreek MJ, Johnson M, Griffiths R, Maclean K, Prisinzano TE. LC-MS/MS quantification of salvinorin A from biological fluids. Analytical Methods : Advancing Methods and Applications. 5. PMID 24416081 DOI: 10.1039/C3Ay40810H  0.708
2013 Johnson MW, Griffiths RR. Comparative abuse liability of GHB and ethanol in humans. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 21: 112-23. PMID 23421353 DOI: 10.1037/a0031692  0.509
2013 MacLean KA, Johnson MW, Reissig CJ, Prisinzano TE, Griffiths RR. Dose-related effects of salvinorin A in humans: dissociative, hallucinogenic, and memory effects. Psychopharmacology. 226: 381-92. PMID 23135605 DOI: 10.1007/S00213-012-2912-9  0.826
2013 Carter LP, Kleykamp BA, Griffiths RR, Mintzer MZ. Cognitive effects of intramuscular ketamine and oral triazolam in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology. 226: 53-63. PMID 23096769 DOI: 10.1007/S00213-012-2883-X  0.801
2013 Carter LP, Reissig CJ, Johnson MW, Klinedinst MA, Griffiths RR, Mintzer MZ. Acute cognitive effects of high doses of dextromethorphan relative to triazolam in humans. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 128: 206-13. PMID 22989498 DOI: 10.1016/J.Drugalcdep.2012.08.025  0.807
2013 Striley MCW, Hughes PJR, Griffiths R, Juliano L, Budney AJ. A Critical Examination of the Caffeine Provisions in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 5th Edition (DSM-5) Journal of Caffeine Research. 3: 101-107. DOI: 10.1089/Jcr.2013.1233  0.654
2013 Carter LP, Reissig CJ, Johnson MW, Klinedinst MA, Griffiths RR, Mintzer MZ. Corrigendum to Acute cognitive effects of high doses of dextromethorphan relative to triazolam in humans [Drug Alcohol Depend. 128 (2013) 206-213] Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 133: 294. DOI: 10.1016/J.Drugalcdep.2013.06.006  0.78
2013 Reissig CJ, Carter LP, Johnson MW, Mintzer MZ, Klinedinst MA, Griffiths RR. Erratum to: High doses of dextromethorphan, an NMDA antagonist, produce effects similar to classic hallucinogens Psychopharmacology. 228: 513-513. DOI: 10.1007/S00213-013-3172-Z  0.796
2012 Maclean KA, Leoutsakos JM, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR. Factor Analysis of the Mystical Experience Questionnaire: A Study of Experiences Occasioned by the Hallucinogen Psilocybin. Journal For the Scientific Study of Religion. 51: 721-737. PMID 23316089 DOI: 10.1111/J.1468-5906.2012.01685.X  0.723
2012 Reissig CJ, Carter LP, Johnson MW, Mintzer MZ, Klinedinst MA, Griffiths RR. High doses of dextromethorphan, an NMDA antagonist, produce effects similar to classic hallucinogens. Psychopharmacology. 223: 1-15. PMID 22526529 DOI: 10.1007/S00213-012-2680-6  0.818
2012 Juliano LM, Evatt DP, Richards BD, Griffiths RR. Characterization of individuals seeking treatment for caffeine dependence. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors : Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors. 26: 948-54. PMID 22369218 DOI: 10.1037/A0027246  0.689
2012 Johnson MW, Sewell RA, Griffiths RR. Psilocybin dose-dependently causes delayed, transient headaches in healthy volunteers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 123: 132-40. PMID 22129843 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.10.029  0.5
2012 Kleykamp BA, Griffiths RR, McCann UD, Smith MT, Mintzer MZ. Acute effects of zolpidem extended-release on cognitive performance and sleep in healthy males after repeated nightly use. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 20: 28-39. PMID 21928913 DOI: 10.1037/A0025237  0.791
2011 MacLean KA, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR. Mystical experiences occasioned by the hallucinogen psilocybin lead to increases in the personality domain of openness. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 25: 1453-61. PMID 21956378 DOI: 10.1177/0269881111420188  0.735
2011 Griffiths RR, Johnson MW, Richards WA, Richards BD, McCann U, Jesse R. Psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences: immediate and persisting dose-related effects. Psychopharmacology. 218: 649-65. PMID 21674151 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2358-5  0.526
2011 Sigmon SC, Griffiths RR. Caffeine choice prospectively predicts positive subjective effects of caffeine and d-amphetamine. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 118: 341-8. PMID 21600707 DOI: 10.1016/J.Drugalcdep.2011.04.018  0.706
2011 Johnson MW, MacLean KA, Reissig CJ, Prisinzano TE, Griffiths RR. Human psychopharmacology and dose-effects of salvinorin A, a kappa opioid agonist hallucinogen present in the plant Salvia divinorum. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 115: 150-5. PMID 21131142 DOI: 10.1016/J.Drugalcdep.2010.11.005  0.819
2011 Goodwin AK, Kaminski BJ, Griffiths RR, Ator NA, Weerts EM. Intravenous self-administration of γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in baboons. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 114: 217-24. PMID 21112162 DOI: 10.1016/J.Drugalcdep.2010.10.006  0.597
2010 Jefferies D, Johnson M, Griffiths R, Arthurs K, Beard D, Chen T, Edgetton-Winn M, Hecimovic T, Hughes M, Linten K, Maddox J, McCaul D, Robson K, Scott S, Zarkos T. Engaging clinicians in evidence based policy development: the case of nursing documentation. Contemporary Nurse. 35: 254-64. PMID 20950205 DOI: 10.5172/conu.2010.35.2.254  0.361
2010 Johnson MW, Strain EC, Griffiths RR. Effects of oral caffeine pretreatment on response to intravenous nicotine and cocaine. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 18: 305-15. PMID 20695686 DOI: 10.1037/a0020509  0.47
2010 Jefferies D, Johnson M, Griffiths R. A meta-study of the essentials of quality nursing documentation. International Journal of Nursing Practice. 16: 112-24. PMID 20487056 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-172X.2009.01815.x  0.363
2010 Mintzer MZ, Kleykamp BA, Griffiths RR. Dose effects of triazolam and scopolamine on metamemory. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 18: 17-31. PMID 20158291 DOI: 10.1037/A0018061  0.806
2010 Kleykamp BA, Griffiths RR, Mintzer MZ. Dose effects of triazolam and alcohol on cognitive performance in healthy volunteers. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 18: 1-16. PMID 20158290 DOI: 10.1037/A0018407  0.798
2009 Tran DT, Stone AM, Fernandez RS, Griffiths RD, Johnson M. Does implementation of clinical practice guidelines change nurses' screening for alcohol and other substance use? Contemporary Nurse. 33: 13-9. PMID 19715491 DOI: 10.5555/conu.33.1.13  0.409
2009 Carter LP, Griffiths RR, Mintzer MZ. Cognitive, psychomotor, and subjective effects of sodium oxybate and triazolam in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology. 206: 141-54. PMID 19543883 DOI: 10.1007/S00213-009-1589-1  0.815
2009 Carter LP, Pardi D, Gorsline J, Griffiths RR. Illicit gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and pharmaceutical sodium oxybate (Xyrem): differences in characteristics and misuse. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 104: 1-10. PMID 19493637 DOI: 10.1016/J.Drugalcdep.2009.04.012  0.681
2009 Carter LP, Griffiths RR. Principles of laboratory assessment of drug abuse liability and implications for clinical development. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 105: S14-25. PMID 19443137 DOI: 10.1016/J.Drugalcdep.2009.04.003  0.698
2009 Tran DT, Stone AM, Fernandez RS, Griffiths RD, Johnson M. Changes in general nurses' knowledge of alcohol and substance use and misuse after education. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 45: 128-39. PMID 19366423 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-6163.2009.00213.x  0.372
2009 Sigmon SC, Herning RI, Better W, Cadet JL, Griffiths RR. Caffeine withdrawal, acute effects, tolerance, and absence of net beneficial effects of chronic administration: cerebral blood flow velocity, quantitative EEG, and subjective effects. Psychopharmacology. 204: 573-85. PMID 19241060 DOI: 10.1007/S00213-009-1489-4  0.684
2009 Reissig CJ, Strain EC, Griffiths RR. Caffeinated energy drinks--a growing problem. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 99: 1-10. PMID 18809264 DOI: 10.1016/J.Drugalcdep.2008.08.001  0.706
2009 Carter LP, Mintzer MZ, Griffiths RR. Amnestic effects of sodium oxybate are less than those of triazolam-reply to Drs. Zvosec and Smith Psychopharmacology. 207: 511-512. DOI: 10.1007/S00213-009-1664-7  0.79
2008 Griffiths R, Richards W, Johnson M, McCann U, Jesse R. Mystical-type experiences occasioned by psilocybin mediate the attribution of personal meaning and spiritual significance 14 months later. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 22: 621-32. PMID 18593735 DOI: 10.1177/0269881108094300  0.489
2008 Johnson M, Richards W, Griffiths R. Human hallucinogen research: guidelines for safety. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 22: 603-20. PMID 18593734 DOI: 10.1177/0269881108093587  0.443
2008 Griffiths RR, Reissig CJ, First MB. Substance Abuse: Caffeine Use Disorders Psychiatry: Third Edition. 1: 1019-1040. DOI: 10.1002/9780470515167.ch56  0.688
2007 Mintzer MZ, Griffiths RR. Differential effects of scopolamine and lorazepam on working memory maintenance versus manipulation processes. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience. 7: 120-9. PMID 17672383 DOI: 10.3758/Cabn.7.2.120  0.758
2007 Carter LP, Griffiths RR, Suess PE, Casada JH, Wallace CL, Roache JD. Relative abuse liability of indiplon and triazolam in humans: a comparison of psychomotor, subjective, and cognitive effects. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 322: 749-59. PMID 17502431 DOI: 10.1124/Jpet.107.119693  0.73
2007 Mintzer MZ, Griffiths RR. A triazolam/amphetamine dose-effect interaction study: dissociation of effects on memory versus arousal. Psychopharmacology. 192: 425-40. PMID 17342474 DOI: 10.1007/S00213-007-0726-Y  0.769
2007 Weerts EM, Froestl W, Kaminski BJ, Griffiths RR. Attenuation of cocaine-seeking by GABA B receptor agonists baclofen and CGP44532 but not the GABA reuptake inhibitor tiagabine in baboons. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 89: 206-13. PMID 17234367 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.12.023  0.559
2006 Lofwall MR, Griffiths RR, Mintzer MZ. Cognitive and subjective acute dose effects of intramuscular ketamine in healthy adults. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 14: 439-49. PMID 17115871 DOI: 10.1037/1064-1297.14.4.439  0.77
2006 Goodwin AK, Griffiths RR, Brown PR, Froestl W, Jakobs C, Gibson KM, Weerts EM. Chronic intragastric administration of gamma-butyrolactone produces physical dependence in baboons. Psychopharmacology. 189: 71-82. PMID 17047936 DOI: 10.1007/S00213-006-0534-9  0.595
2006 Johnson MW, Suess PE, Griffiths RR. Ramelteon: a novel hypnotic lacking abuse liability and sedative adverse effects. Archives of General Psychiatry. 63: 1149-57. PMID 17015817 DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.63.10.1149  0.535
2006 Carter LP, Richards BD, Mintzer MZ, Griffiths RR. Relative abuse liability of GHB in humans: A comparison of psychomotor, subjective, and cognitive effects of supratherapeutic doses of triazolam, pentobarbital, and GHB. Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 31: 2537-51. PMID 16880774 DOI: 10.1038/Sj.Npp.1301146  0.83
2006 Mintzer MZ, Kuwabara H, Alexander M, Brasic JR, Ye W, Ernst M, Griffiths RR, Wong DF. Dose effects of triazolam on brain activity during episodic memory encoding: a PET study. Psychopharmacology. 188: 445-61. PMID 16847681 DOI: 10.1007/S00213-006-0446-8  0.759
2006 Grudzinskas C, Balster RL, Gorodetzky CW, Griffiths RR, Henningfield JE, Johanson CE, Mansbach RS, McCormick CG, Schnoll SH, Strain EC, Wright C. Impact of formulation on the abuse liability, safety and regulation of medications: the expert panel report. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 83: S77-82. PMID 16580154 DOI: 10.1016/J.Drugalcdep.2006.02.008  0.605
2005 Mintzer MZ, Griffiths RR. Drugs, memory, and metamemory: a dose-effect study with lorazepam and scopolamine. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 13: 336-47. PMID 16366764 DOI: 10.1037/1064-1297.13.4.336  0.78
2005 Griffiths RR, Johnson MW. Relative abuse liability of hypnotic drugs: a conceptual framework and algorithm for differentiating among compounds. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 66: 31-41. PMID 16336040  0.496
2005 Mintzer MZ, Griffiths RR. An abuse liability comparison of flunitrazepam and triazolam in sedative drug abusers. Behavioural Pharmacology. 16: 579-84. PMID 16170235 DOI: 10.1097/01.Fbp.0000172736.11994.3C  0.784
2005 Weerts EM, Ator NA, Kaminski BJ, Griffiths RR. Comparison of the behavioral effects of bretazenil and flumazenil in triazolam-dependent and non-dependent baboons. European Journal of Pharmacology. 519: 103-13. PMID 16129429 DOI: 10.1016/J.Ejphar.2005.06.038  0.607
2005 Weerts EM, Froestl W, Griffiths RR. Effects of GABAergic modulators on food and cocaine self-administration in baboons. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 80: 369-76. PMID 16005580 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.05.006  0.565
2005 Ator NA, Griffiths RR, Weerts EM. Self-injection of flunitrazepam alone and in the context of methadone maintenance in baboons. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 78: 113-23. PMID 15845314 DOI: 10.1016/J.Drugalcdep.2004.09.007  0.594
2005 Johnson M, Griffiths R, Piper M, Langdon R. Risk factors for an untoward medication event among elders in community-based nursing caseloads in Australia. Public Health Nursing (Boston, Mass.). 22: 36-44. PMID 15670323 DOI: 10.1111/j.0737-1209.2005.22106.x  0.377
2005 Weerts EM, Goodwin AK, Griffiths RR, Brown PR, Froestl W, Jakobs C, Gibson KM. Spontaneous and precipitated withdrawal after chronic intragastric administration of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in baboons. Psychopharmacology. 179: 678-87. PMID 15645222 DOI: 10.1007/S00213-004-2079-0  0.589
2005 Mintzer MZ, Griffiths RR. Flumazenil-precipitated withdrawal in healthy volunteers following repeated diazepam exposure. Psychopharmacology. 178: 259-67. PMID 15452683 DOI: 10.1007/S00213-004-2009-1  0.768
2005 Goodwin A, Griffiths R, Froestl W, Gibson K, Burlingame T, Jansen E, Jakobs C, Weerts E. A92 ASSESSMENT OF GABAB ANTAGONIST PRECIPITATED WITHDRAWAL DURING CHRONIC ADMINISTRATION OF GAMMA-BUTYROLACTONE (GBL) Behavioural Pharmacology. 16: S52. DOI: 10.1097/00008877-200509001-00165  0.525
2004 Juliano LM, Griffiths RR. A critical review of caffeine withdrawal: Empirical validation of symptoms and signs, incidence, severity, and associated features Psychopharmacology. 176: 1-29. PMID 15448977 DOI: 10.1007/S00213-004-2000-X  0.664
2004 Griffiths R, Johnson M, Piper M, Langdon R. A nursing intervention for the quality use of medicines by elderly community clients. International Journal of Nursing Practice. 10: 166-76. PMID 15265227 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-172X.2004.00476.x  0.373
2004 Sobel BFX, Sigmon SC, Griffiths RR. Transdermal nicotine maintenance attenuates the subjective and reinforcing effects of intravenous nicotine, but not cocaine or caffeine, in cigarette-smoking stimulant abusers Neuropsychopharmacology. 29: 991-1003. PMID 15010695 DOI: 10.1038/Sj.Npp.1300415  0.701
2003 Kaminski BJ, Sannerud CA, Weerts EM, Lamb RJ, Griffiths RR. Physical dependence in baboons chronically treated with low and high doses of diazepam. Behavioural Pharmacology. 14: 331-42. PMID 12838039 DOI: 10.1097/01.Fbp.0000082131.08343.0E  0.678
2003 Mintzer MZ, Griffiths RR, Hirshman E. A paradoxical dissociation in the effects of midazolam on recollection and automatic processes in the process dissociation procedure. The American Journal of Psychology. 116: 213-37. PMID 12762176 DOI: 10.2307/1423578  0.749
2003 Griffiths RR, Bigelow GE, Ator NA. Principles of initial experimental drug abuse liability assessment in humans. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 70: S41-54. PMID 12759196 DOI: 10.1016/S0376-8716(03)00098-X  0.55
2003 Mintzer MZ, Griffiths RR. Triazolam-amphetamine interaction: dissociation of effects on memory versus arousal. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 17: 17-29. PMID 12680736 DOI: 10.1177/0269881103017001689  0.763
2003 Weerts EM, Griffiths RR. The adenosine receptor antagonist CGS15943 reinstates cocaine-seeking behavior and maintains self-administration in baboons. Psychopharmacology. 168: 155-63. PMID 12669180 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-003-1410-5  0.565
2003 Mintzer MZ, Griffiths RR. Lorazepam and scopolamine: A single-dose comparison of effects on human memory and attentional processes. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 11: 56-72. PMID 12622344 DOI: 10.1037//1064-1297.11.1.56  0.776
2002 Mintzer MZ, Griffiths RR. Alcohol and triazolam: differential effects on memory, psychomotor performance and subjective ratings of effects. Behavioural Pharmacology. 13: 653-8. PMID 12478216 DOI: 10.1097/00008877-200212000-00007  0.765
2001 Johnson M, Griffiths R. Developing evidence-based clinicians. International Journal of Nursing Practice. 7: 109-18. PMID 11811313  0.38
2001 Mintzer MZ, Griffiths RR. Alcohol and false recognition: a dose-effect study. Psychopharmacology. 159: 51-7. PMID 11797069 DOI: 10.1007/S002130100893  0.759
2001 Mintzer MZ, Griffiths RR, Contoreggi C, Kimes AS, London ED, Ernst M. Effects of triazolam on brain activity during episodic memory encoding: a PET study. Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 25: 744-56. PMID 11682258 DOI: 10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00280-9  0.753
2001 Mintzer MZ, Allen RP, Griffiths RR. Investigation of preference for nightly triazolam versus placebo in moderate social alcohol drinkers. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 15: 3-8. PMID 11277606 DOI: 10.1177/026988110101500101  0.77
2001 Mintzer MZ, Griffiths RR. Acute dose-effects of scopolamine on false recognition. Psychopharmacology. 153: 425-33. PMID 11243489 DOI: 10.1007/S002130000592  0.782
2001 Mintzer MZ, Griffiths RR. False Recognition in Triazolam-Induced Amnesia Journal of Memory and Language. 44: 475-492. DOI: 10.1006/Jmla.2000.2746  0.773
2000 Mintzer MZ, Griffiths RR. Acute effects of triazolam on false recognition. Memory & Cognition. 28: 1357-65. PMID 11219963 DOI: 10.3758/Bf03211836  0.772
2000 Ator NA, Weerts EM, Kaminski BJ, Kautz MA, Griffiths RR. Zaleplon and triazolam physical dependence assessed across increasing doses under a once-daily dosing regimen in baboons. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 61: 69-84. PMID 11064185 DOI: 10.1016/S0376-8716(00)00122-8  0.606
1999 Weerts EM, Griffiths RR. Evaluation of limited and unlimited food intake during withdrawal in triazolam-dependent baboons. Behavioural Pharmacology. 10: 415-21. PMID 10780809  0.567
1999 Weerts EM, Ator NA, Griffiths RR. Comparison of the intravenous reinforcing effects of propofol and methohexital in baboons. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 57: 51-60. PMID 10617313 DOI: 10.1016/S0376-8716(99)00044-7  0.592
1999 Mintzer MZ, Stoller KB, Griffiths RR. A controlled study of flumazenil-precipitated withdrawal in chronic low-dose benzodiazepine users. Psychopharmacology. 147: 200-9. PMID 10591888 DOI: 10.1007/S002130051161  0.774
1999 Rush CR, Frey JM, Griffiths RR. Zaleplon and triazolam in humans: acute behavioral effects and abuse potential. Psychopharmacology. 145: 39-51. PMID 10445371 DOI: 10.1007/s002130051030  0.315
1999 Mintzer MZ, Griffiths RR. Triazolam and zolpidem: effects on human memory and attentional processes. Psychopharmacology. 144: 8-19. PMID 10379619 DOI: 10.1007/S002130050971  0.767
1999 Mintzer MZ, Griffiths RR. Selective effects of zolpidem on human memory functions. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 13: 18-31. PMID 10221356 DOI: 10.1177/026988119901300103  0.756
1999 Weerts EM, Griffiths RR. Evaluation of the intravenous reinforcing effects of clonidine in baboons. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 53: 207-14. PMID 10080046 DOI: 10.1016/S0376-8716(98)00130-6  0.591
1998 Mintzer MZ, Griffiths RR. Flunitrazepam and triazolam: a comparison of behavioral effects and abuse liability. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 53: 49-66. PMID 10933340 DOI: 10.1016/S0376-8716(98)00110-0  0.794
1998 Mintzer MZ, Frey JM, Griffiths RR. Zolpidem is differentiated from triazolam in humans using a three-response drug discrimination procedure. Behavioural Pharmacology. 9: 545-59. PMID 9862080 DOI: 10.1097/00008877-199811000-00010  0.771
1998 Weerts EM, Griffiths RR. Zolpidem self-injection with concurrent physical dependence under conditions of long-term continuous availability in baboons. Behavioural Pharmacology. 9: 285-97. PMID 9832941  0.564
1998 Frey JM, Mintzer MZ, Rush CR, Griffiths RR. Buspirone is differentiated from diazepam in humans using a three-response drug discrimination procedure. Psychopharmacology. 138: 16-26. PMID 9694522 DOI: 10.1007/S002130050640  0.78
1998 Weerts EM, Ator NA, Grech DM, Griffiths RR. Zolpidem physical dependence assessed across increasing doses under a once-daily dosing regimen in baboons. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 285: 41-53. PMID 9535993  0.602
1998 Weerts EM, Kaminski BJ, Griffiths RR. Stable low-rate midazolam self-injection with concurrent physical dependence under conditions of long-term continuous availability in baboons. Psychopharmacology. 135: 70-81. PMID 9489936 DOI: 10.1007/s002130050487  0.592
1997 Mintzer MZ, Frey JM, Yingling JE, Griffiths RR. Triazolam and zolpidem: a comparison of their psychomotor, cognitive, and subjective effects in healthy volunteers. Behavioural Pharmacology. 8: 561-74. PMID 9832970 DOI: 10.1097/00008877-199711000-00014  0.784
1997 Griffiths RR, Weerts EM. Benzodiazepine self-administration in humans and laboratory animals--implications for problems of long-term use and abuse. Psychopharmacology. 134: 1-37. PMID 9399364 DOI: 10.1007/s002130050422  0.614
1997 Mintzer MZ, Guarino J, Kirk T, Roache JD, Griffiths RR. Ethanol and pentobarbital: comparison of behavioral and subjective effects in sedative drug abusers. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 5: 203-15. PMID 9260068 DOI: 10.1037/1064-1297.5.3.203  0.772
1997 Eissenberg T, Griffiths RR. Human drug discrimination and multiple chemical sensitivity: caffeine exposure as an experimental model. Environmental Health Perspectives. 105: 509-13. PMID 9167988 DOI: 10.1289/Ehp.97105S2509  0.478
1996 Mumford GK, Benowitz NL, Evans SM, Kaminski BJ, Preston KL, Sannerud CA, Silverman K, Griffiths RR. Absorption rate of methylxanthines following capsules, cola and chocolate. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 51: 319-25. PMID 9010706 DOI: 10.1007/S002280050205  0.483
1996 Eissenberg T, Griffiths RR, Stitzer ML. Mecamylamine does not precipitate withdrawal in cigarette smokers. Psychopharmacology. 127: 328-36. PMID 8923568 DOI: 10.1007/S002130050094  0.464
1996 Evans SM, Griffiths RR, de Wit H. Preference for diazepam, but not buspirone, in moderate drinkers. Psychopharmacology. 123: 154-63. PMID 8741938 DOI: 10.1007/BF02246172  0.487
1996 Mumford GK, Silverman K, Griffiths RR. Reinforcing, subjective, and performance effects of lorazepam and diphenhydramine in humans Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 4: 421-430. DOI: 10.1037//1064-1297.4.4.421  0.502
1995 Rush CR, Critchfield TS, Troisi JR, Griffiths RR. Discriminative stimulus effects of diazepam and buspirone in normal volunteers. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 63: 277-94. PMID 7751833 DOI: 10.1901/jeab.1995.63-277  0.636
1994 Evans SM, Critchfield TS, Griffiths RR. Caffeine reinforcement demonstrated in a majority of moderate caffeine users. Behavioural Pharmacology. 5: 231-238. PMID 11224272 DOI: 10.1097/00008877-199406000-00001  0.584
1994 Silverman K, Mumford GK, Griffiths RR. A procedure for studying the within-session onset of human drug discrimination. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 61: 181-9. PMID 8169567 DOI: 10.1901/Jeab.1994.61-181  0.537
1994 Strain EC, Mumford GK, Silverman K, Griffiths RR. Caffeine dependence syndrome. Evidence from case histories and experimental evaluations. Jama. 272: 1043-8. PMID 8089887 DOI: 10.1001/Jama.1994.03520130081037  0.542
1994 Mumford GK, Evans SM, Kaminski BJ, Preston KL, Sannerud CA, Silverman K, Griffiths RR. Discriminative stimulus and subjective effects of theobromine and caffeine in humans. Psychopharmacology. 115: 1-8. PMID 7862879 DOI: 10.1007/Bf02244744  0.566
1994 Silverman K, Mumford GK, Griffiths RR. Enhancing caffeine reinforcement by behavioral requirements following drug ingestion. Psychopharmacology. 114: 424-32. PMID 7855200 DOI: 10.1007/Bf02249332  0.52
1994 Silverman K, Kirby KC, Griffiths RR. Modulation of drug reinforcement by behavioral requirements following drug ingestion. Psychopharmacology. 114: 243-7. PMID 7838915 DOI: 10.1007/Bf02244844  0.516
1993 Troisi 2nd JR, Critchfield TS, Griffiths RR. Buspirone and lorazepam abuse liability in humans: behavioral effects, subjective effects and choice. Behavioural Pharmacology. 4: 217-230. PMID 11224189  0.656
1993 Griffiths RR, Troisi JR, Silverman K, Mumford GK. Multiple-choice procedure: an efficient approach for investigating drug reinforcement in humans. Behavioural Pharmacology. 4: 3-13. PMID 11224166  0.55
1993 Lamb RJ, Griffiths RR. Behavioral effects of pentobarbital, lorazepam, ethanol and chlorpromazine substitution in pentobarbital-dependent baboons. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 265: 47-52. PMID 8474029  0.459
1993 Iguchi MY, Handelsman L, Bickel WK, Griffiths RR. Benzodiazepine and sedative use/abuse by methadone maintenance clients. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 32: 257-66. PMID 8102331 DOI: 10.1016/0376-8716(93)90090-D  0.676
1992 Silverman K, Griffiths RR. Low-dose caffeine discrimination and self-reported mood effects in normal volunteers. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 57: 91-107. PMID 1548451 DOI: 10.1901/Jeab.1992.57-91  0.545
1992 Silverman K, Evans SM, Strain EC, Griffiths RR. Withdrawal syndrome after the double-blind cessation of caffeine consumption. The New England Journal of Medicine. 327: 1109-14. PMID 1528206 DOI: 10.1056/Nejm199210153271601  0.5
1991 Evans SM, Critchfield TS, Griffiths RR. Abuse liability assessment of anxiolytics/hypnotics: rationale and laboratory lore. British Journal of Addiction. 86: 1625-32. PMID 1686197 DOI: 10.1111/J.1360-0443.1991.Tb01757.X  0.631
1991 de Wit H, Griffiths RR. Testing the abuse liability of anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs in humans Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 28: 83-111. PMID 1679388 DOI: 10.1016/0376-8716(91)90054-3  0.492
1991 Griffiths RR, Lamb RJ, Sannerud CA, Ator NA, Brady JV. Self-injection of barbiturates, benzodiazepines and other sedative-anxiolytics in baboons. Psychopharmacology. 103: 154-61. PMID 1674158 DOI: 10.1007/Bf02244196  0.618
1991 Troisi JR, Critchfield T, Griffiths RR. The reinforcing and subjective effects of buspirone and lorazepam Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 39: 246. DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(91)90536-B  0.568
1991 Silverman K, Kirby KC, Griffiths RR. Contextual modulation of human stimulant self-administration Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 39: 245. DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(91)90529-B  0.45
1990 Lamb RJ, Griffiths RR. Self-administration in baboons and the discriminative stimulus effects in rats of bupropion, nomifensine, diclofensine and imipramine. Psychopharmacology. 102: 183-90. PMID 2125734 DOI: 10.1007/Bf02245920  0.463
1990 Silverman K, Griffiths RR. Low-dose caffeine discrimination in normal humans. Nida Research Monograph. 105: 444-5. PMID 1876068  0.498
1990 Critchfield TS, Griffiths R. Behavioral and subjective effects of buspirone and lorazepam in sedative abusers: supra-therapeutic doses. Nida Research Monograph. 105: 318. PMID 1876027  0.616
1990 Roache J, Griffiths R. Diazepam and triazolam self-administration in sedative abusers: concordance of subject ratings, performance and drug self-administration Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 10: 137-138. DOI: 10.1097/00004714-199004000-00015  0.322
1989 Funderburk FR, Griffiths RR, McLeod DR, Bigelow GE, Mackenzie A, Liebson IA, Nemeth-Coslett R. Relative abuse liability of lorazepam and diazepam: an evaluation in 'recreational' drug users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 22: 215-22. PMID 3234245 DOI: 10.1016/0376-8716(88)90021-X  0.558
1989 Griffiths RR, Bigelow GE, Liebson IA. Reinforcing effects of caffeine in coffee and capsules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 52: 127-40. PMID 2794839 DOI: 10.1901/JEAB.1989.52-127  0.504
1989 Bickel WK, Higgins ST, Griffiths RR. Repeated diazepam administration: effects on the acquisition and performance of response chains in humans. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 52: 47-56. PMID 2671245 DOI: 10.1901/jeab.1989.52-47  0.717
1989 Sannerud CA, Brady JV, Griffiths RR. Self-injection in baboons of amphetamines and related designer drugs. Nida Research Monograph. 94: 30-42. PMID 2514366  0.483
1987 Griffiths RR, Ator NA, Roache JD, Lamb RJ. Abuse liability of triazolam: experimental measurements in animals and humans. Psychopharmacology Series. 3: 83-7. PMID 3823094 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-71288-3_10  0.481
1987 Lamb RJ, Sannerud CA, Griffiths RR. An examination of the intravenous self-administration of phenylpropanolamine using a cocaine substitution procedure in the baboon. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 28: 389-92. PMID 3685074 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(87)90459-X  0.461
1987 Lamb RJ, Griffiths RR. Effects of Ro 15-1788 and CGS 8216 in diazepam-dependent baboons. European Journal of Pharmacology. 143: 205-12. PMID 3121366 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(87)90534-6  0.49
1987 Nemeth-Coslett R, Henningfield JE, O'Keeffe MK, Griffiths RR. Nicotine gum: dose-related effects on cigarette smoking and subjective ratings. Psychopharmacology. 92: 424-30. PMID 3114794 DOI: 10.1007/Bf00176472  0.607
1987 Lamb RJ, Griffiths RR. Self-injection of d,1-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in the baboon. Psychopharmacology. 91: 268-72. PMID 2882537 DOI: 10.1007/Bf00518175  0.465
1987 Iguchi M, Griffiths R. Drug self-administration as an indicator of severity potential Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 27: 601-602. DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(87)90432-1  0.573
1987 Bickel WK, Higgins ST, Griffiths RR. The effects of chronic diazepam on repeated acquisition in humans Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 27: 589-590. DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(87)90385-6  0.671
1986 Griffiths RR, Bigelow GE, Liebson IA, O'Keeffe M, O'Leary D, Russ N. Human coffee drinking: manipulation of concentration and caffeine dose. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 45: 133-48. PMID 3958660 DOI: 10.1901/JEAB.1986.45-133  0.512
1986 Nemeth-Coslett R, Henningfield JE, O'Keeffe MK, Griffiths RR. Effects of marijuana smoking on subjective ratings and tobacco smoking. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 25: 659-65. PMID 3774833 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(86)90156-5  0.593
1986 Griffiths RR, Brady JV, Ator NA, Lamb R, Bigelow GE, Roache JD. Progress report from the Division of Behavioral Biology, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Nida Research Monograph. 67: 93-7. PMID 3092102  0.651
1986 Nemeth-Coslett R, Henningfield JE, O'Keeffe MK, Griffiths RR. Effects of mecamylamine on human cigarette smoking and subjective ratings. Psychopharmacology. 88: 420-5. PMID 3085131 DOI: 10.1007/Bf00178502  0.613
1985 Lamb RJ, Griffiths RR. Effects of repeated RO 15-1788 administration in benzodiazepine-dependent baboons. European Journal of Pharmacology. 110: 257-61. PMID 2859217 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(85)90220-1  0.506
1985 Griffiths RR, Lamb RJ, Ator NA, Roache JD, Brady JV. Relative abuse liability of triazolam: experimental assessment in animals and humans. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 9: 133-51. PMID 2858078 DOI: 10.1016/0149-7634(85)90039-9  0.655
1984 Preston KL, Griffiths RR, Stitzer ML, Bigelow GE, Liebson IA. Diazepam and methadone interactions in methadone maintenance. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 36: 534-41. PMID 6478738 DOI: 10.1038/Clpt.1984.215  0.551
1984 Griffiths RR, McLeod DR, Bigelow GE, Liebson IA, Roache JD. Relative abuse liability of diazepam and oxazepam: Behavioral and subjective dose effects Psychopharmacology. 84: 147-154. PMID 6438672 DOI: 10.1007/Bf00427437  0.319
1984 Lukas SE, Griffiths RR, Brady JV, Wurster RM. Phencyclidine-analogue self-injection by the baboon. Psychopharmacology. 83: 316-20. PMID 6436860 DOI: 10.1007/Bf00428537  0.648
1984 Lamb RJ, Griffiths RR. Precipitated and spontaneous withdrawal in baboons after chronic dosing with lorazepam and CGS 9896. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 14: 11-7. PMID 6435982 DOI: 10.1016/0376-8716(84)90013-9  0.477
1984 Lukas SE, Griffiths RR. Precipitated diazepam withdrawal in baboons: effects of dose and duration of diazepam exposure. European Journal of Pharmacology. 100: 163-71. PMID 6428921 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(84)90218-8  0.508
1984 Henningfield JE, Chait LD, Griffiths RR. Effects of ethanol on cigarette smoking by volunteers without histories of alcoholism. Psychopharmacology. 82: 1-5. PMID 6420817 DOI: 10.1007/Bf00426371  0.604
1984 Brady JV, Griffiths RR, Hienz RD, Bigelow GE, Emurian HH, Lukas SE, Ator NA, Nellis MJ, Ray RL, Pearlson GD. Abuse liability and behavioral toxicity assessment: progress report from the behavioral biology laboratories of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Nida Research Monograph. 49: 92-108. PMID 6148698  0.761
1984 Griffiths RR, Ator NA, Lukas SE, Lamb RJ, Brady JV. Benzodiazepines: drug discrimination and physiological dependence. Nida Research Monograph. 49: 163-4. PMID 6148692  0.701
1983 Griffiths RR, Bigelow GE, Liebson I. Differential effects of diazepam and pentobarbital on mood and behavior. Archives of General Psychiatry. 40: 865-73. PMID 6870483 DOI: 10.1001/ARCHPSYC.1983.01790070055007  0.556
1983 Henningfield JE, Chait LD, Griffiths RR. Cigarette smoking and subjective response in alcoholics: effects of pentobarbital. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 33: 806-12. PMID 6851412 DOI: 10.1038/Clpt.1983.110  0.606
1983 Brady JV, Griffiths RR. Testing drugs for abuse liability and behavioral toxicity: progress report from the laboratories at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Nida Research Monograph. 43: 99-124. PMID 6135997  0.487
1982 Lukas SE, Griffiths RR, Bradford LD, Brady JV, Daley L. A tethering system for intravenous and intragastric drug administration in the baboon. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 17: 823-9. PMID 7178190 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(82)90366-5  0.615
1982 Griffiths RR, Bradford LD, Lukas SE, Brady JV, Snell JD. Comparison of barbiturate and benzodiazepine self-injection in the baboon. Nida Research Monograph. 41: 190. PMID 6811908  0.593
1982 Lukas SE, Griffiths RR. Precipitated withdrawal by a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist (Ro 15-1788) after 7 days of diazepam. Science (New York, N.Y.). 217: 1161-3. PMID 6287579 DOI: 10.1126/Science.6287579  0.446
1982 McLeod DR, Griffiths RR, Bigelow GE, Yingling J. An automated version of the digit symbol substitution test (DSST) Behavior Research Methods &Amp; Instrumentation. 14: 463-466. DOI: 10.3758/BF03203313  0.436
1982 Griffiths RR, Henningfield JE. Pharmacology of cigarette smoking behavior Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 3: 260-263. DOI: 10.1016/0165-6147(82)91122-1  0.556
1981 Bigelow GE, Stitzer ML, Griffiths RR, Liebson IA. Contingency management approaches to drug self-administration and drug abuse: efficacy and limitations. Addictive Behaviors. 6: 241-52. PMID 7293847 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4603(81)90022-8  0.468
1981 Henningfield JE, Griffiths RR. Cigarette smoking and subjective response: effects of d-amphetamine. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 30: 497-505. PMID 7285484 DOI: 10.1038/Clpt.1981.194  0.599
1981 Griffiths RR, Wurster RM, Brady JV. Choice between food and heroin: effects of morphine, naloxone, and secobarbital. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 35: 335-51. PMID 7241034 DOI: 10.1901/jeab.1981.35-335  0.523
1981 Stitzer ML, Griffiths RR, Bigelow GE, Liebson I. Human social conversation: effects of ethanol, secobarbital and chlorpromazine. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 14: 353-60. PMID 7232461 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(81)90402-0  0.519
1981 Henningfield JE, Ator NA, Griffiths RR. Establishment and maintenance of oral ethanol self-administration in the baboon. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 7: 113-24. PMID 7195797 DOI: 10.1016/0376-8716(81)90025-9  0.562
1981 Henningfield JE, Griffiths RR. Effects of ventilated cigarette holders on cigarette smoking by humans. Psychopharmacology. 68: 115-9. PMID 6776555 DOI: 10.1007/Bf00432127  0.573
1981 Griffiths RR, Lukas SE, Bradford LD, Brady JV, Snell JD. Self-injection of barbiturates and benzodiazepines in baboons. Psychopharmacology. 75: 101-9. PMID 6119723 DOI: 10.1007/Bf00432169  0.647
1980 Henningfield JE, Stitzer ML, Griffiths RR. Expired air carbon monoxide accumulation and elimination as a function of number of cigarettes smoked. Addictive Behaviors. 5: 265-72. PMID 7435315 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4603(80)90049-0  0.567
1980 Henningfield JE, Yingling J, Griffiths RR, Pickens R. An inexpensive portable device for measuring puffing behavior by cigarette smokers Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior. 12: 811-813. PMID 7393977 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(80)90171-9  0.544
1980 Bigelow GE, Griffiths RR, Liebson I, Kaliszak JE. Double-blind evaluation of reinforcing and anorectic actions of weight control medications. Interaction of pharmacological and behavioral treatments. Archives of General Psychiatry. 37: 1118-23. PMID 7000029 DOI: 10.1001/ARCHPSYC.1980.01780230036005  0.495
1979 Griffiths RR, Bradford LD, Brady JV. Progressive ratio and fixed ratio schedules of cocaine-maintained responding in baboons. Psychopharmacology. 65: 125-36. PMID 117480 DOI: 10.1007/BF00433038  0.522
1979 Henningfield JE, Griffiths RR. A preparation for the experimental analysis of human cigarette smoking behavior Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation. 11: 538-544. DOI: 10.3758/Bf03201375  0.566
1978 Griffiths RR, Stitzer M, Corker K, Bigelow G, Liebson I. Drug-produced changes in human social behavior: facilitation by d-amphetamine. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 7: 365-72. PMID 928495 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(77)90233-7  0.496
1978 Bigelow GE, Griffiths RR, Liebson IA. Pharmacological influences upon human ethanol self-administration. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 523-38. PMID 596286 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9038-5_33  0.42
1978 Griffiths RR, Brady JV, Snell JD. Progressive-ratio performance maintained by drug infusions: comparison of cocaine, diethylpropion, chlorphentermine, and fenfluramine. Psychopharmacology. 56: 5-13. PMID 415327 DOI: 10.1007/BF00571401  0.546
1977 Bigelow GE, Griffiths RR, Liebson IA. Effects of response requirement upon human sedative self-administration and drug-seeking behavior. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 5: 681-5. PMID 1023234 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(76)90311-7  0.523
1977 Wurster RM, Griffiths RR, Findley JD, Brady JV. Reduction of heroin self-administration in baboons by manipulation of behavioral and pharmacological conditions. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 7: 519-28. PMID 413116 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(77)90248-9  0.521
1976 Griffiths RR, Bigelow GE, Liebson I. Facilitation of human tobacco self-administration by ethanol: a behavioral analysis. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 25: 279-92. PMID 1270971 DOI: 10.1901/JEAB.1976.25-279  0.453
1976 Griffiths RR, Winger G, Brady JV, Snell JD. Comparison of behavior maintained by infusions of eight phenylethylamines in baboons. Psychopharmacology. 50: 251-8. PMID 826970 DOI: 10.1007/BF00426841  0.535
1975 Griffiths R, Bigelow G, Liebson I. Assessment of effects of ethanol self-administration on social interactions in alcoholics. Psychopharmacologia. 38: 105-10. PMID 4460068 DOI: 10.1007/BF00426105  0.425
1975 Griffiths RR, Findley JD, Brady JV, Dolan-Gutcher K, Robinson WW. Comparison of progressive-ratio performance maintained by cocaine, methylphenidate and secobarbital. Psychopharmacologia. 43: 81-3. PMID 1161995 DOI: 10.1007/BF00437619  0.543
1975 Griffiths R, Bigelow G, Liebson I. Effect of ethanol self-administration on choice behavior: money vs. socializing. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 3: 443-6. PMID 1153447 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(75)90054-4  0.459
1974 Griffiths RR, Thompson T. Pentobarbital facilitated extinction: effects of different schedules of drug withdrawal. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 2: 331-8. PMID 4858098 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(74)90077-X  0.702
1973 Griffiths RR, Thompson T. Effects of chlorpromazine and pentobarbital on pattern and number of responses in extinction. Psychological Reports. 33: 323-34. PMID 4728477 DOI: 10.2466/pr0.1973.33.1.323  0.7
1973 Pickens R, Bigelow G, Griffiths R. An experimental approach to treating chronic alcoholism: a case study and one-year follow-up. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 11: 321-5. PMID 4125499 DOI: 10.1016/0005-7967(73)90010-7  0.409
1973 Griffiths RR, Thompson T. The Post-Reinforcement Pause: A Misnomer The Psychological Record. 23: 229-235. DOI: 10.1007/BF03394160  0.643
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